The classic (Euler) approach to storms statistics was based on time-series analysis of wave parameters at certain points (regions) of water area and allowed to assess the spatial structure of the storm only by indirect methods. The modern (Lagrangian) approach to the calculation of wave climate ( wave regime) includes forming a database by calculations on numerical hydrodynamic models of ocean dynamics. The calculations are performed with discreteness of 3—6 hours for a continuous time of 30 years or more. Thus a long-term sequence of the wave fields of the estimated area is formed. The availability of information about the waves simultaneously throughout the whole basin allows to follow the storm movement in time and space. As a result, it is possible to estimate the parameters of the storms and their trajectories, i. e. significantly expand the set of statistics characterizing the storm activity at sea and ocean. The specificity of spatial-temporal variability of the various water areas of the World Ocean and the differences in the wave climate are demonstrated with the example of statistics of parameters of storms and their trajectories for open North Atlantic and closed Black Sea. The obtained data are useful for the safety of navigation in open water areas, for designing of facilities and planning of marine operations offshore.

The paper discusses the diagenetic model CANDI (carbon and nutrient diagenesis) which was used for assessment of biogeochemical changes in the upper layer of bottom sediments caused by bioirrigation activity of benthic organisms. For the conditions of the Eastern part of the Gulf of Finland the verification of the model is made, the comparability of the model calculations with the in situ observations is showed. The sensitivity of the model to the sediment porosity is tested; the dependence of the oxygen penetration depth in the sediments from organic matter content is showed. The bioturbation coefficient is calculated taking into account the population size of benthic organisms, providing a mechanical effect on bottom sediments. The modeling results show that constant bioirrigation influence on benthic layer can lead to the reduction of phosphates and ammonium reserve in 5 years as compared to the case of bioirrigation absence. The reserve of nitrates and sulfates, contrary, will increase. The reserve of solid iron of bottom sediments will not change significantly. It is concluded that cycles of biogenic elements and their associated dissolved compounds of iron will change significantly in 5 years in case of bioirrigation absence, which can lead to significant changes in benthic systems.

The paper discusses the fundamental problem of high-speed motion of supercavitating bodies in water — inertial and jet bodies with a compact pulse jet engine, and their impact on underwater barriers as well. A study on modes of motion of unreactive supercavitating projectiles with running compact pulse jet engine with sub-, trans- and supersonic speeds in water medium after speeding-up in the barrelled accelerator is done with calculation-experimental method. Velocity gain of projectile motion by virtue of using а compact pulse jet engine is estimated. Nature of interaction of projectiles with underwater barriers including those containing an explosive is studied.

The results of experimental studies of the interaction of background internal waves and processes, caused by the movement of the sphere in a stratified fluid are presented in this paper. Two distinct types of stratification are considered: a profile with a distribution of density that is close to linear and profile with a distribution of density that contains the pycnocline of finite thickness. The contact methods and schlieren-method are used in this study. Statistical processing of experimental data, including digital analysis of the shadow images of fluid and spectral analysis, are performed. It is shown that the presence of background internal waves leads to the transform of a wake over the sphere. The presence of background internal waves indicates more intense vortex transfer in the fluid due to the interaction of vortex motions from two different sources. Pycnocline prevents the propagation of perturbations from a moving sphere to the free surface. It is shown that the processes of interaction of background internal waves and a wake over the sphere in a stratified fluid play an important role in a formation of turbulent and wave motions in a stratified fluid, the type of a density stratification is of major importance.

The mathematical models of flat local area of turbulized fluid dynamics in stable stratified medium are constructed. The models are based on a two-dimensional system of averaged equations of hydrodynamics in Oberbeck—Boussinesq approximation, closed with using both differential equations of Reynolds stresses transfer and an algebraic approximations of these quantities. Based on these models the numerical investigation of evolution of flat localized turbulent mixing zone and internal waves generated by it in pycnocline is performed. The numerical model of the interaction of turbulent mixing zone and the local density perturbation in pycnocline is constructed. Numerical simulation of flow is performed in a wide range of parameters of a local density perturbation. It is found that generated by a local density perturbation flow can lead to a significant generation of turbulence energy in turbulent mixing zone and increase the time of its «life». Numerical simulation of the evolution of turbulent mixing zone in a horizontally homogeneous shear flow of linearly stratified fluid was carried out. The data obtained demonstrate the transformation of zone of turbulent perturbations and internal waves generated by it under the influence of shear flow, as well as causing substantial turbulence energy production by the mean flow, which leads to slower decay of turbulence for large time of degeneration.

The main stages of modeling of space system’s operation for sea surface monitoring and for statistical evaluation of marine objects detection frequency are described. The methodical approach to the formation of maps of marine objects detection frequency including substantiation of estimation interval, quantization of sea surface, the definition of frequency in each quantum and displaying the received data on the background of digital marine map is presented. Examples of maps of the detection frequency of marine objects by space systems are shown. The prospects of formation of such maps for visualizing the results of evaluation of the effectiveness of space systems and their informational properties application. It is expected that the use of these maps will increase the efficiency and reliability of the decisions on the management of space systems when they are used for the intended purpose.

The paper describes the space experiment of photographing from the board of the Russian segment of the International Space Station of hydrodynamic disturbances in the form of ship wakes on the sea surface followed by image processing by the developed algorithms and programs which allow to highlight low-contrast anomalies in images of the sea surface. Ground truth measurement parameters ship wakes using laser and optical equipment were performed in parallel with the space experiment. Measured by the laser and optical equipment parameters of the turbulent ship wakes correspond both with the visual assessments (due to images obtained from the International Space Station) and with the results of the digital processing of images. The ways to improve the photographic technique from the International Space Station and to develop the efficient algorithms for allocation of anomalies in the images of the sea surface using the symmetry of these anomalies are planned.

The basic tactical and technical advantages of aviation antisubmarine complexes in an underwater warfare are considered. The principles of an underwater surveillance using aviation radiohydroacoustic systems with sonobuoys distributed on a controlled aquatory are described. The method of an underwater surveillance based on single detectors which is traditional for radiohydroacoustic systems is analyzed. The method of an underwater surveillance based on a distributed detector which is perspective for aviation antisubmarine complexes is presented. In this case sensors (sonobuoys) are used as a spatiallydistributed measuring network with relative processing of primary information from them. Since the method is universal by the type of hydrophysical parameters and means of their measurement it can be used for multiparameter system of primary detection of underwater objects. The use of such system in aviation antisubmarine complexes will make them a local host of sea network-centric warfare.

The paper describes the important problem of underwater surveillance which causes the stable development of distributed sensor network systems and their efficiency. Countermeasures objectives for underwater sensor network systems and their safety providing are considered. Different types of attack against underwater acoustic sensor and communication networks as well as security aspects are discussed. The unique characteristics of the underwater networks which differ from wireless groundbased networks are specified. The necessity of fight methods creation regarding underwater networks as entire formations that use acoustic communication is stated in the conclusion. Another statement is the necessity of finding security measures for such systems due to the methods given in the paper.

The paper describes the design of a high frequency radar station with a forward-based receiver where several receiving and transmitting positions are supposed to be complexed. The range of a forwardbased receiver is up to 400 km while surveillance objects can be located beyond the horizon. The current state of researches in design of radar stations with a forward-based receiver is shown. The presented concept will allow us to improve the efficiency of marine situations surveillance under and outside the Russian Federation. Moreover, it can be integrated as an independent device into the unified system of marine situations surveillance during the creation of global information and energy space of the Russian Federation.

The possibility of divers' control by their respiratory noises is studied. The experimental studies were conducted in a shallow water bay. Hydroacoustic noise bursts corresponding to an underwater maneuvering diver inhales and exhales are registered by bottom installed hydrophones. The spectrum analysis of noise record of an aqualung equipped diver moving away from the hydrophones with the average speed of 0.5 m/s showed maximum amplitudes around 0.36 Hz and 0.54 Hz that can be considered as a spectral maximum bifurcation and correspond to a breathing rate. Signals from the hydrophones when a diver equipped with closed-circuit breathing apparatus (rebreather) swims up and lies on one of the hydrophones and then flow away were registered. Quasi-periodic components of diver’s respiratory noises can be used for evaluation of his physiological parameters such as breath average frequency and breathing rate variability as well as for taking a decision on the necessity of ending a dive.

The paper is dedicated to the researches of the Institute of Silicate Chemistry of Russian Academy of Sciences in the area of protective coatings. The greatest attention is paid to a new approach in the development of environmentally friendly antifouling coatings for ships and vessels, positional stationary hydroacoustic and hydrophysical tools and other underwater sea equipment.

The paper discusses the results of submesoscale phenomena monitoring (internal waves and eddies) in the White Sea and the assessment of the impact of hydrophysical fields variability on hydroacoustic signals propagation. Satellite observations as a part of a surveillance system allow specifying the areas of the frequent occurrence of submesoscale phenomena. Combining in situ observations of these areas with modeling of hydroacoustic signals propagation allows determining the nature of their variability under the impact of the environment. The widespread existence of short-period internal waves and submesoscale eddies in the White Sea is shown, their impact on the local changes of hydroacoustic waves refraction as well as on the level variability of the received hydroacoustic signals is found out.

The number of modern channels of multispectral and hyperspectral modern optoelectronic systems for remote sensing is redundant for many tasks of the ocean monitoring and requires minimization. The aim of this optimization is a creation of a selection of images obtained from different most informative spectral channels. The selection in dimension is significantly lower than the number of channels of hyperspectral system and provides a solution to the problem of thematic processing. Mathematically, the problem of choosing the most informative spectral channels of hyperspectral survey for pixel of sensor is formulated as the problem of detecting changes in the properties of the registered coordinates or reference discrete spectral image described by a set of spectral components. Set of discrete spectral image components in the analysis is considered as a sequence of independent random Gaussian variables with variance and piecewise constant mean, which abruptly changes from one discrete location to another. The algorithm for solving this problem using methods of statistical estimation as a crucial statistic for detection and maximum likelihood estimation coordinates (spectral channel) changes in the properties of the analyzed process is shown. The consistent application of the algorithm to the sample values of the spectral components allows determination of numbers of the most informative spectral channels. The task of the configuration parameters of the synthesized algorithm to select the most informative spectral channels is considered. The basic parameters are the adjustable threshold value and the size of the sliding window. In accordance with the considered algorithms, implemented in MathLab software programming environment, an example of selecting the most informative spectral channels for spectral image obtained from hyperspectral image pixel of coastal area overgrown with algae is presented.

In May—July 2012 a massive bloom of algae Emiliania huxleyi (coccolithophores) was observed in the Black Sea, inducing an increase in the upwelling radiance due to light scattering on the mineral particles, produced by algae cells. Such a strong increase of the brightness of the sea led to the fact that the automatic program of satellite data processing recognized the bloom area as clouds, showing the need for contact measurements. The aim was to study the biooptical characteristics of seawater during the coccolithophores blooming for further applications to remote sensing. The article discusses the results of field measurements of the spectral reflectance of the sea in July 2012. The measurements recorded reflectance values increased 3—4 times compared with the seasonal average, but the shape of reflectance spectra has remained unchanged. Using a previously developed analytical algorithm, concentrations of phytoplankton pigments and mineral particles (coccoliths) were calculated. Obtained particles concentration was 1.2∙1011 m−3 in average. It is concluded that the observed bloom was one of the most intense in recent years.

The paper substantiates the desirability and feasibility of use of combat missile systems for small spacecraft to monitor the World's ocean. The possibility of small spacecraft application for solving complex scientific and applied problems due to the current level of development of electronics and other fields of science and technology is shown. The perspective of use of converted ballistic missiles being removed from combat duty as launch vehicles is considered.

The paper describes the results of experiments on detection and localization of sources of lowfrequency hydroacoustic signals by laser strainmeters placed ashore. A composition and measuring characteristics of a two-axis laser strainmeter, including its sensitivity and directional properties are described. Examples of noise registrations of passing ships of various displacement by a strainmeter, as well as with a large distance from the device location are presented. The strainmeter’s opportunities for definition of direction to low-frequency hydroacoustic signals source by amplitudes of the registered signals in measuring arms of the device are estimated. On the basis of the experiment with the use of low-frequency hydroacoustic radiators as a source it's confirmed that the proportion of hydroacoustic energy transformed into seismoacoustic one increases nonlinearly at frequency decrease of the radiated signals. The analysis of the results shows that a two-axis laser strainmeter placed ashore allows signals registration of low-frequency primary hydroacoustic field of various ships with confidence as well as allocating classification features and determining the direction of their sources. The variants of laser strainmeters application in control system of underwater and surface situation considering features of their work are offered. The directions of further fundamental and applied researches are defined.

The results of theoretical studies of a low-frequency (1—100 Hz) noise arising from a towing of a cable antenna in water are described in the paper. The possibility of a detection of acoustic (seismic) signals using a cable low frequency radioantenna is considered. It is shown that the electrode noise dominates at the detection of radio signals. The noise occurs due to the influence of turbulent pulsations of pressure on the parameters of the electric double layer at the electrode surface. The reasons of triboelectric noise are considered, the noise level is estimated. The ways of improving the signal-to-noise ratio based on new decisions on design of the cable elements and electrodes are suggested.