Characteristics of the Image System based on Photon Density Waves in Observing Underwater Objects through a Waved Surface
https://doi.org/10.59887/fpg/7k5k-zu86-nxhz
Abstract
The wavy surface effect on the resolution of optical imaging systems employing narrow modulated probing beams is studied. Relations are formulated connecting the complex amplitudes of the photon density waves (propagating through the wavy interface and the water layer) to the main parameters of the problem. These relations consider the finite waves height and the change in the photon trajectory length due to random refraction of rays upon entering the water. The optical transfer function of the wavy surface and the beam scattering function averaged over the ensemble of surface waving realizations are introduced. The dependences of these functions on the surface waves integral parameters, namely, the elevations and slopes dispersions, are examined. The contributions of surface waving and water layer to the generation of optical transfer functions and to the overall signal level from an underwater object when it is imaged using photon density waves are estimated. It is shown that in a certain range of depths, spatial frequencies, and illumination beam modulation frequencies, the systems employing photon density waves can demonstrate advantages over the systems with stationary illumination.
Keywords
imaging systems,
wavy surface,
modulated transfer function,
photon density waves,
multiply scattering
Supporting agencies: We thank L.S. Dolin for helpful advice that we used in our work. This work was supported by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of Russia (project 0030–2021– 0006) and the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (project 19–02–00089a).
About the Authors
A. G. Luchinin
Institute of Applied Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences
Russian Federation
Russian Federation
Aleksandr G. Luchinin. Dr.Sci. (Phys.-Math.), Chief Researcher
AuthorID: 472
603950, Ul’anova str., 46, Nizhny Novgorod
V. Yu. Kirillin
Institute of Applied Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences
Russian Federation
Russian Federation
Mikhail Yu. Kirillin. Ph.D. (Phys.-Math.), Senior Researcher
elibrary AuthorID: 153037
603950, Ul’anova str., 46, Nizhny Novgorod
References
1. Luchinin A.G. Spatial spectrum of a narrow sine-wave-modulated light beam in an anisotropically scattering medium. Izvestiya AN SSSR, Fizika Atmosfery i Okeana. 1974, 10, 1312–1317 (In Russian).
2. Remizovich V.S., Rogozkin D.B., Ryazanov M.I. Propagation of a narrow modulated beam of light in a scattering medium taking into account fluctuations of photon traces at multiple scattering. Izvestiya Vuzov, Radiofizika. 1982, 25, 8, 891–898 (In Russian).
3. Luchinin A.G., Kirillin M. Yu. Temporal and frequency characteristics of a narrow light beam in sea water. Applied Optics. 2016, 55, 7756–7762. doi:10.1364/AO.55.007756
4. Luchinin A.G., Kirillin M.Y. Structure of a modulated narrow light beam in seawater: Monte Carlo simulation. Izvestiya, Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics. 2017, 53, 2, 242–249. doi:10.1134/S0001433817020086
5. Gordeev L.B., Luchinin A.G., Shcegol’kov Yu.B. Experimental studies of the structure of a narrow sine-wave-modulated light beam in a model anisotropically scattering medium. Izvestiya AN SSSR, Fizika Atmosfery i Okeana. 1975, 11, 50–53 (In Russian).
6. Mullen L., Laux A., Concannon B., Zege E.P., Katsev I.L., Prikhach A.S. Amplitude-modulated laser imager. Applied Optics. 2004, 43, 19, 3874–3892. doi:10.1364/ao.43.003874
7. Mullamaa Yu.-A.R. Effect of a rough sea surface on the visibility of submerged objects. Izvestiya AN SSSR, Fizika Atmosfery i Okeana. 1975, 11, 199–205 (In Russian).
8. Luchinin A.G. Some characteristics of the formation of a shelf image when it is observed through a wavy sea surface. Izvestiya AN SSSR, Fizika Atmosfery i Okeana. 1981, 17, 537–541 (In Russian).
9. Dolin L.S., Levin I.M. Handbook of underwater vision theory. Leningrad, Gidrometeoizdat, 1991. 230 p. (In Russian).
10. Dolin L., Gilbert G., Levin I., Luchinin A. Theory of imaging through wavy sea surface. N. Novgorod, Institute of Applied Physics, 2006. 180 p.
11. Levin I.M. Observation of objects illuminated by narrow light beam in scattering medium. Izvestiya AN SSSR, Fizika Atmosfery i Okeana. 1969, 5, 32–36 (In Russian).
12. Bravo-Zhivotovsky D.M., Dolin L.S., Luchinin A.G., Savel’ev V.A. Problems of the theory of imaging in turbid media. Izvestiya AN SSSR, Fizika Atmosfery i Okeana. 1969, 5, 672–684 (In Russian).
13. Veber V.L., Luchinin A.G. Influence of correlation effects on characteristics of bottom imaging through the rough surface of a body of water. Izvestiya, Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics. 2001, 37, 239–246.
14. Walker R.E. Marine Light Field Statistics. John Wiley&Sons, INC., 1994. 675 p.
15. Luchinin A.G., Kirillin M. Yu. Nonstationary optical transfer functions of underwater imaging systems. Applied Optics. 2017, 56, 7518–7524. doi:10.1364/AO.56.007518
16. Dolin L.S., Luchinin A.G. Water-scattered signal to compensate for the rough sea surface effect on bottom lidar imaging. Applied Optics. 2008, 47, 6871–6878. doi:10.1364/ao.47.006871
17. Luchinin A.G., Dolin L.S. Model of an underwater imaging system with a complexly modulated illumination beam. Izvestiya, Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics. 2014, 50, 411–419. doi:10.1134/S0001433814040185
Review
For citations:
Luchinin A.G., Kirillin V.Yu. Characteristics of the Image System based on Photon Density Waves in Observing Underwater Objects through a Waved Surface. Fundamental and Applied Hydrophysics. 2022;15(3):125–136. https://doi.org/10.59887/fpg/7k5k-zu86-nxhz
Views:
173
Email this article 