Influence of thickness, state of the ice surface and concentration of phytoplankton on the subglacial illumination of Peter the Great Bay of the Sea of Japan on observation 2010–2016

In the coastal areas of Peter the Great Bay (the Sea of Japan), the influence of ice thickness, snow cover on its surface, and the concentration of chlorophyll a in the layer under ice on the value of subglacial illumination at 60 hydrological stations from January to March 2010–2016 was studied. Deglacial illumination was determined using remote sensing methods, which allowed us to conclude that the seasonal averages of illumination in the studied region are sufficient for the development of phytoplankton under ice. The influence of a hole for measuring parameters under ice on subglacial illumination is estimated. It was shown that the “hole effect” did not appear at depths below 2 m. Measurements were performed from ice at hydrological stations using the autonomous probing system SBE-19plus (Sea-Bird Electrons. Inc., USA). The attenuation of illumination was evaluated in two two-meter layers by the coefficients: K₂₀ — (logarithm of the ratio PAR2/PAR0 — “ice+ice water”) and K₄₂ — Lg (PAR4/ PAR2) — in the water layer between horizons of 2 and 4 m. A direct relationship was established between the weakening of the illumination and the thickness of the ice in the case of an experiment in one day (03.11.2010). The coefficient of determination was positive and significant. If we compare these parameters throughout the winter period, a meaningful relationship could not be established. Presumably, other factors are superimposed on the relationship between illumination and ice thickness. We have confirmed that one of these factors is the concentration of chlorophyll-a in the subglacial layer of water. The daytime interval was also revealed when the subglacial illumination does not feel much dependence on the deglacial illumination.

1. Eicken H., Bluhm B.A., Collins R.E., Gradinger R.R. et al. Field Techniques in Sea-Ice Research in Cold Regions. Science and Marine Technology [Ed. H. Shen], in Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS), Developed under the Auspices of the UNESCO, Eolss Publishers, Paris, France, 2014. URL: http://www.eolss.net.

2. Untersteiner N. On the mass and heat budget of Arctic sea ice. Archiv fur Meteorologie, Geophysik und Bioklimatologie. 1961, Ser. A, Bd. 12, Ht. 2, 151–182.

3. Thomas C.W. On the transfer of visible radiation through sea ice and snow. Joumal of Glaciology. 1963, 4, 34, 481–484.

4. Chernigovskiy N.T. Radiational properties of the ice cover of the Central Arctic. Proceedings of the Arctic and Antarctic Research. 1963, 253, 249–260 (in Russian).

5. Weller G.E. Radiation diffusion in Antarctic ice media. Nature. 1969, 221, 5178, 355–356.

6. Weller G.E., Schwerdtfeger P. Radiation penetration in Antarctic plateau and sea ice. Polar meteorology. World Meteorological Organization Technical Note. 1967, 87, 120–141.

7. Marshunova M.S. Principal characteristics of the radiation balance of the underlying surface and of the atmosphere in the Arctic. Proceedings of the Arctic and Antarctic Research. 1961, 229, 5–53 (in Russian).

8. Bryazgin N.N., Koptev A.P. Spectral albedo of snow — ice cover. Problems of the Arctic and Antarctic. 1969, 31, 79–83 (in Russian).

9. Grenfell T.C., Maykut G.A. The optical properties of ice and snow in the Arctic Basin. Journal of Glaciology. 1977, 18, 80, 445–463.

10. Riviere I.K. Peculiarities of planktocenoses of lakes in different ecological periods (under-ice and open water). Transactions of IBVV RAS. 2016, 74, 77, 59–75 (in Russian).

11. Erina O.N., Puklakov V.V., Sokolov D.I., Goncharov A.V. Ice flowering of phytoplankton in the Mozhaisk reservoir. Ecological collection 7: Proceedings of young scientists. All-Russian (with international participation) youth scientific conference. 2019, 1, URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/podlednoe-tsvetenie-fitoplanktona-v-mozhayskom-vodohranilische (date of access: 08.07.2019). CyberLenink: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/podlednoe-tsvetenie-fitoplanktona-v-mozhayskom-vodohranilische (in Russian).

12. Zvalinsky V.I., Maryash A.A., Stonik I.V., Shvetsova M.G., Sagalaev S.G., Begun A.A., Tishchenko P.Ya. Production and hydrochemical characteristics of ice, subglacial water and bottom sediments of the estuary of the Razdolnaya river (Amur Bay, Sea of Japan) during the period of freezing. Sea Biology. 2010, 36, 3, 186–195 (in Russian).

13. Orlova T.Y., Efimova K.V., Stonik I.V. Morphology and molecular phylogeny of Pseudohaptolina sorokinii sp. nov. (Prymnesiales. Haptophyta) from the Sea of Japan. Russia. Phycologia. 2016, 55, 5, 506–514. doi: 10.2216/15–107.1

14. Kevin R.A., Perovich D.K., Pickart R.S. et al. Massive Phytoplankton Blooms Under Arctic Sea Ice. Science. 2012, 336, 1408.

15. Stonik I.V. Phytoplankton of the Amur Bay (Sea of Japan) under eutrophication: Abstract. dis. cand. biol. sciences. Vladivostok, IBM FEB RAS, 1999. 26 p (in Russian).

16. Pautova L.A., Silkin V.A. Winter phytoplankton of the northwestern part of the Sea of Japan. Some regularities of the formation of the phytocene structure in shallow coastal water. Oceanology. 2000, 40, 4, 553–561 (in Russian).

17. Zakharkov S.P., Lobanov V.B., Gordeychuk T.N., Morozova T.V., Shtraikhert E.A. Spatial variability of the chlorophyll a and the specific structure of the phytoplankton in the northwestern part of the Sea of Japan during the winter period. Oceanology. 2012, 52, 3, 354—363.

18. Rubin A.B. Biophysics of photosynthesis and environmental monitoring methods. Tekhnologii Zhivykh Sistem. 2005, 2, 47 (in Russian).

19. Ilyash L.V., Zapara E.V. Competition of two marine diatoms for urea nitrogen and nitrates at three levels of illumination. Zhurnal Obschey Biologii. 2006, 67, 6, 464–475 (in Russian).

20. International symbols for sea ice charts and nomenclature of sea ice. Leningrad, Gidrometeoizdat, 1984 (in Russian).

21. Johnson N., Lyon F. Statistics and experimental design in engineering and science: Data processing methods. Moscow, Mir, 1980. 510 p (in Russian).

22. Zakharkov S.P., Shambarova Yu.V., Gordeychuk T.N., Stonik I.V., Shtraikhert E.A. The possibility of using SBE probe data for calibration of satellite data on the concentration of chlorophyll A in the Sea of Japan. Izvestiya TINRO. 2014, 177, 209–218 (in Russian).