A comparison of the Information Content of Orthogonally Polarized Components of Lidar Echo Signal for Evaluating Hydrooptical Characteristics of the Near-Surface Layer

A series of lidar measurements were conducted at stations with a homogeneous vertical distribution of hydrooptical char acteristics in the near-surface layer using a two-channel shipborne polarization lidar PLD-1. Lidar sounding was accompanied by synchronous contact measurements of a number of hydrooptical characteristics. A large dataset of measurement data was obtained in waters where hydrooptical characteristics varied widely. As a result of the statistical processing of these data, regression relationships were obtained linking the seawater beam attenuation coefficient c, absorption coefficient a, and diffuse attenuation coefficient Kd to the lidar attenuation coefficients of the co- and cross-polarized components. In most cases, a linear relationship between hydrooptical characteristics and the lidar attenuation coefficients of the polarized components is observed. These rela tionships are characterized by high values of the coefficient of determination — from 0.8 to 0.95. An exception is the relationship between the seawater beam attenuation coefficient c and the lidar attenuation coefficient of the cross-polarized component, where a second-degree polynomial is used to describe this relationship (coefficient of determination is 0.88). Data on the hydrooptical characteristics obtained using the cross-polarized component of the lidar echo signal mostly duplicate the data of the co-polarized component. However, the use of a two-channel optical receiving system increases the reliability and accuracy of the obtained data and provides the possibility of controlling the homogeneity of the underwater section of the sounding path.

1. Glukhov V.A., Goldin Yu.A. Marine profiling lidars and their application for oceanological problems. Fundamental and Applied Hydrophysics. 2024;17(1):104–128. doi:10.59887/2073–6673.2024.17(1)-9

2. Bravo-Zhivotovsky D.M., Gordeev L.B., Dolin L.S., Mochenev S.B. Determination of absorption and scattering indi cators of sea water based on some characteristics of the light field of artificial light sources. Hydrophysical and hydrooptical studies in the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. Based on the results of research on the 5th cruse of the R/V Dmitry Mendeleev. Chapter 5. P. 153–158 / Ed. by A.S. Monin, K.S. Shifrin. M.: Nauka; 1974. 328 p. (in Russian).

3. Peituo Xu, Dong Liu, Yibing Shen et al. Design and validation of a shipborne multiple-field-of-view lidar for upper ocean remote sensing. Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer. 2020;254:107201. doi:10.1016/j.jqsrt.2020.107201

4. Collister B.L., Zimmerman R.C., Hill V.J., Sukenik I., Balch M. Polarized lidar and ocean particles: insights from a mesoscale coccolithophore bloom. Applied Optics. 2020;59(15):4650–4662. doi:10.1364/AO.389845

5. Glukhov V. A., Goldin Yu. A., Glitko O.V. et al. Investigation of the Relationships between the Parameters of Lidar Echo Signals and Hydrooptical Characteristics in the Western Kara Sea. Oceanology. 2023;63(Suppl 1): S119-S130. doi:10.1134/S0001437023070044

6. Glukhov V.A., Goldin Yu.A., Glitko O.V. et al. Lidar Research during the First Stage of the 89th Cruise of the R/V “Academ ic Mstislav Keldysh”. Fundamental and Applied Hydrophysics. 2023;16(4):107–115. doi:10.59887/2073-6673.2023.16(4)-9

7. Chen Ya., Cui X., Gu Q. et al. This is MATE: A Multiple scAttering correcTion rEtrieval algorithm for accurate lidar profiling of seawater optical properties. Remote Sensing of Environment. 2024;307:114166. doi:10.1016/j.rse.2024.114166

8. Zhou Y., Chen Y., Zhao H. et al. Shipborne oceanic high-spectral-resolution lidar for accurate estimation of seawater depth-resolved optical properties. Light: Science & Applications. 2022;11:261. doi:10.1038/s41377-022-00951-0

9. Schulien J.A., Behrenfeld M.J., Hair J.W. et al. Vertically- resolved phytoplankton carbon and net primary production from a high spectral resolution lidar. Optic Express. 2017;25:13577–13587. doi:10.1364/OE.25.013577

10. Gordon H.R. Interpretation of airborne oceanic lidar: effects of multiple scattering. Applied Optics. 1982;21(16):2996–3001.

11. Dolina I.S., Dolin L.S., Levin I.M., Rodionov A.A., Savel’ev V.A. Inverse problems of lidar sensing of the ocean. Cur rent Research on Remote Sensing, Laser Probing, and Imagery in Natural Waters. SPIE. 2007;6615:104–113.

12. Chaikovskaya L.I., Zege E.P. Theory of polarized lidar sounding including multiple scattering. Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer. 2004;88(1–3):21–35. doi:10.1016/j.jqsrt.2004.01.002

13. Vasilkov A.P., Kondranin T.V., Myasnikov E.V. Determination of the light scattering index profile based on the polar ization characteristics of back-reflected radiation during pulsed ocean sounding. Izvestiya AS USSR, Atmospheric and Ocean Physics. 1990;26(3):307–312 (in Russian).

14. Goldin Yu.A., Rogozkin D.B., Sheberstov S.V. Polarized Lidar Sounding of Stratified Seawater. Proceedings of IV Inter national Conference “Current Problems in Optics of Natural Waters (ONW’2007)”. Nizhny Novgorod; 2007. P. 175–178.

15. Krekov G.M., Krekova M.M., Shamanaev V.S. Laser sensing of a subsurface oceanic layer. II. Polarization characteris tics of signals. Applied Optics. 1998;37:1596–1601. doi:10.1364/AO.37.001596

16. Churnside J.H. Polarization effects on oceanographic lidar. Optics express. 2008;16(2):1196–1207. doi:10.1364/OE.16.001196

17. Kokhanenko G.P., Balin Y.S., Penner I.E., Shamanaev V.S. Lidar and in situ measurements of the optical parameters of water surface layers in Lake Baikal. Atmospheric and Oceanic Optics. 2011;24(5):478–486. doi:10.1134/S1024856011050083

18. Churnside J.H. Review of profiling oceanographic lidar. Optical Engineering. 2014;53(5):051405-051405. doi:10.1117/1.OE.53.5.051405

19. Vasilkov A.P., Goldin Yu.A., Gureev B.A., Hoge F.E., Swift R.N., Wright C.W. Airborne polarized lidar detection of scattering layers in the ocean. Applied Optics. 2001;40(24):4353–4364. doi:10.1364/AO.40.004353

20. Glukhov V.A., Goldin Yu.A., Rodionov M.A. Experimental estimation of the capabilities of the lidar PLD-1 for the registration of various hydro-optical irregularities of the sea water column. Fundamental and Applied Hydrophysics. 2017;10(2):41–48 doi:10.7868/S207366731702006X (in Russian).

21. Artemiev V.A., Taskaev V.R., Grigoriev A.V. Autonomous transparent meter PUM-200. Materials of the XVII Interna tional Scientific and Technical Conference (MSOI-2021), Moscow: 2021. P. 95–99 (in Russian).

22. Pogosyan S.I., Durgaryan A.M., Konyukhov I.V. et al. Absorption spectroscopy of microalgae, cyanobacteria, and dis solved organic matter: Measurements in an integrating sphere cavity. Oceanology. 2009;49:866–871. doi:10.1134/S0001437009060125

23. Glukhovets D.I., Sheberstov S.V., Kopelevich O.V. et al. Measuring the sea water absorption factor using integrating sphere. Light & Engineering. 2018;26(1):120–126.

24. Kravchishina M.D., Klyuvitkin A.A., Novigatskiy A.N. et al. The 89th cruise (1st stage) of the research vessel “Academi cian Mstislav Keldysh”: climatic experiment in interaction with the Tu-134 “Optik” laboratory aircraft in the Kara Sea. Oceanology. 2023;63(3):1–4. doi:10.31857/S0030157423030073

25. Glukhovets D.I., Aglova E.A., Artemiev V.A. et al. Results of Hydrooptical Field Studies in the Barents and Kara Seas in September 2022. Complex Investigation of the World Ocean (CIWO-2023). Springer Proceedings in Earth and Environ mental Sciences. Cham: Springer; 2023. P. 439–445. doi:10.1007/978-3-031-47851-2_53

26. Dolin L.S., Savelev V.A. Characteristics of the backscattering signal during pulsed irradiation of a turbid medium by a narrow directed light beam. Izvestiya AS USSR, Atmospheric and Ocean Physics. 1971;7:505–510 (in Russian).

27. Ernst A. Multiple-scattering theory. New developments and applications. Halle-Wittenberg University: 2007. 65 p.