Явление арктического усиления и его движущие механизмы

Представлен научный обзор одной из важнейших особенностей глобальной климатической системы — арктического усиления: более высокая скорость изменения приземной температуры воздуха в Арктическом регионе по сравнению с Северным полушарием или глобальным средним. Арктическое усиление является региональным проявлением более общего явления — полярного усиления. Однако антарктическое усиление значительно слабее арктического. Основными механизмами, определяющими арктическое усиление, являются различные климатические обратные связи, работающие по-разному в разных широтах, и перенос тепла к полюсу, вызванный атмосферной и океанической циркуляцией. Современные научные результаты в основном продемонстрировали относительную роль различных климатических обратных связей в формировании арктического усиления. От более важных к менее важным — это обратная связь вертикального градиента температуры, обратная связь Планка и альбедо поверхности. Однако некоторые другие возможные механизмы остаются малоизученными. В частности, вклад изменяющегося во времени меридионального переноса тепла довольно неясен. Более того, меридиональная адвекция тепла атмосферой и океаном может играть существенную роль в наблюдаемых изменениях интенсивности арктического усиления на разных временных масштабах.

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