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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">hydrophysics</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Фундаментальная и прикладная гидрофизика</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Fundamental and Applied Hydrophysics</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2073-6673</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2782-5221</issn><publisher><publisher-name>St. Petersburg Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">hydrophysics-793</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ВЗАИМОДЕЙСТВИЕ МОРСКИХ ОБЪЕКТОВ, ОКЕАНА И АТМОСФЕРЫ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>INTERACTION OF MARINE OBJECTS*, OCEAN‏ AND ‏ATMOSPHERE</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Теория подводной видимости</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Theory of Underwater Imaging</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Долин</surname><given-names>Л. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Dolin</surname><given-names>L. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Н. Новгород</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>N. Novgorod</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">Lev.Dolin@hydro.appl.sci-nnov.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Левин</surname><given-names>И. М.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Levin</surname><given-names>I. M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Институт прикладной физики РАН</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Institute of Applied Physics</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Санкт-Петербургский филиал Института океанологии им. П. П. Ширшова РАН</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Saint-Petersburg Branch of the P. P. Shirshov Institute of Oceanology of RAS</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2015</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>16</day><month>11</month><year>2022</year></pub-date><volume>8</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>22</fpage><lpage>35</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Долин Л.С., Левин И.М., 2022</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2022</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Долин Л.С., Левин И.М.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Dolin L.S., Levin I.M.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://hydrophysics.spbrc.ru/jour/article/view/793">https://hydrophysics.spbrc.ru/jour/article/view/793</self-uri><abstract><p>Представлен обзор работ по теории подводной видимости. Изложена история исследований по этой проблеме. Универсальная теория подводной видимости предназначена для определения характеристик изображения и максимальной дальности видения протяженного объекта с неоднородным коэффициентом отражения для различных подводных систем видения, включая лазерные. Рассмотрены основные элементы этой теории: уравнение переноса изображения, функция размытия пучка и частотно-контрастная характеристика, алгоритмы вычисления параметров изображения объекта конечного размера, максимальная дальность видимости в воде. Параметры подводного светового поля, необходимые для этих алгоритмов, получаются в результате решения уравнения переноса излучения с использованием первичных гидрооптических характеристик. Представлена универсальная модель первичных гидрооптических характеристик для длин волн, близких к 550 нм, которая позволяет определить все используемые в теории подводной видимости первичные гидрооптические характеристики по значению показателя ослабления или даже по глубине видимости диска Секки. Описан алгоритм вычисления отношения сигнал/шум и максимальной дальности видимости в воде, который может быть использован для сравнения эффективности систем видения различных типов. Рассмотрены основные направления развития исследований подводной видимости, в частности, проблема наблюдения через взволнованную поверхность.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The paper presents an overview of the underwater imaging problem. A history of this problem is given. A universal underwater imaging theory is intended for computing image parameters and the maximal visibility distance of an extended target with inhomogeneous reflectance for various, including laser, underwater imaging systems. We consider the main elements of this theory: image transfer equation, beam spread function and modulation transfer function, the algorithms for computing image parameters of a target of limited size and the maximal visibility distance in water. Parameters of underwater light field, which are necessary for these algorithms, are given as a result of solution of the radiative transfer equation in terms of the water inherent optical properties. We present also a universal model of water inherent optical properties for wavelength close to 550 nm which makes it possible to determine all IOPs required for the underwater imaging theory using only the water attenuation coefficient or even Secchi depth. An algorithm for calculating the signal/noise ratio and the maximal sighting range in water are presented and used for comparison of efficiency of the imaging systems of various types. The main directions of the current investigations on the underwater imaging problem are considered, in particular, imaging through wavy sea surface.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>подводное видение</kwd><kwd>уравнение переноса изображения</kwd><kwd>функция размытия пучка</kwd><kwd>частотноконтрастная характеристика</kwd><kwd>подводное световое поле</kwd><kwd>уравнение переноса излучения</kwd><kwd>первичные гидрооптические характеристики</kwd><kwd>отношение сигнал/шум</kwd><kwd>дальность видимости в воде</kwd><kwd>наблюдение через взволнованную морскую поверхность</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>underwater imaging</kwd><kwd>image transfer equation</kwd><kwd>beam spread function</kwd><kwd>modulation transfer function</kwd><kwd>underwater light field</kwd><kwd>radiative transfer equation</kwd><kwd>water inherent optical properties</kwd><kwd>signal/noise ratio</kwd><kwd>sighting range in water</kwd><kwd>imaging through wavy sea surface</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The work was supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research under grants No 13-05-00050  and 15-45-02610</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Duntley S. 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