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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">hydrophysics</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Фундаментальная и прикладная гидрофизика</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Fundamental and Applied Hydrophysics</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2073-6673</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2782-5221</issn><publisher><publisher-name>St. Petersburg Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">hydrophysics-780</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ФУНДАМЕНТАЛЬНЫЕ ВОПРОСЫ ГИДРОФИЗИКИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>FUNDAMENTAL ISSUES OF HYDROPHYSICS</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Малоизвестные свойства поверхностных волн</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Unfamiliar Properties оf Surface Waves</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Чаликов</surname><given-names>Д. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Chalikov</surname><given-names>D. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Санкт-Петербург</p><p>Мельбурн</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>St.-Petersburg</p><p>Melbourne</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">dmitry-chalikov@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru">Санкт-Петербургский филиал Института океанологии им. П. П. Ширшова РАН; Технологический университет Свинбурна<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Saint-Petersburg Department of the P. P. Shirshov Institute of Oceanology of RAS; Swinburne University of Technology<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2016</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>16</day><month>11</month><year>2022</year></pub-date><volume>9</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>8</fpage><lpage>16</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Чаликов Д.В., 2022</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2022</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Чаликов Д.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Chalikov D.V.</copyright-holder><license license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://hydrophysics.spbrc.ru/jour/article/view/780">https://hydrophysics.spbrc.ru/jour/article/view/780</self-uri><abstract><p>Численные 2-D и 3-D модели поверхностных волн позволили воспроизвести и подтвердить большинство фактов, исследованных экспериментально и аналитически. Вместе с тем детальное моделирование обнаружило новые закономерности, не укладывающиеся в рамки традиционных представлений. В статье перечислены результаты, полученные в основном в Санкт-Петербургском филиале ИО РАН. Излагаются факты, которые ранее не обсуждались в статьях других авторов и не нашли адекватного объяснения. Эти факты во многом противоречат сложившимся представлениям. Результаты основаны на аккуратных численных моделях потенциального движения жидкости со свободной поверхностью. Гармонические волны быстро приобретают окаймляющие (bound) моды и превращаются в среднем в волны Стокса. Фурье анализ точных решений показывает, что реальнее поле является скорее суперпозицией волн Стокса с разными амплитудами и фазами, чем суперпозиция линейных мод. Существует предельное разрешение волнового спектра. Волновое поле есть результат суперпозиции неустойчивых мод, амплитуды которых быстро флуктуируют во времени под влиянием обратимых взаимодействий. Развитие экстремальных волн происходит за время порядка одного периода волны. Такая быстрая эволюция не может объясняться теорией модуляционной неустойчивости. Расчет вероятности экстремальных волн по линейной модели дает результаты близкие к расчетам по нелинейной модели. Поэтому роль нелинейности в генерации экстремальных волн, видимо, невелика. При совпадении волновых гребней происходит быстрое нелинейное взаимодействие волн, ведущее к резкому увеличению суммарной волны и вероятному опрокидыванию. Изрезанность двухмерного волнового спектра с высоким разрешением (наличие стационарных пиков и впадин) является типичным результатом прямого моделирования волн. Результаты численного моделирования существенно зависят от тонких деталей начальных условий, поэтому статистически обеспеченные результаты должны быть получены ансамблевым моделированием. Такое моделирование не подтверждает справедливость теории Хассельманна.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Numerical 2-D and 3-D models of surface waves allowed to simulate and prove most of the facts studied both experimentally and analytically. In addition, a detailed modelling discovers new regularities beyond the scope of traditional concepts. The results obtained mostly at Saint-Petersburg Branch of Oceanography Institute RAS are listed. The facts, which were never discussed in papers of other authors and never explained are described. These facts are mostly contradict general views. The results are based on accurate numerical models of potential liquid motion with a free surface. Harmonic waves quickly obtain bound modes and, on the average, turn into Stokes waves. The Fourier analysis of exact solutions shows that a real field is rather a superposition of Stokes waves with different amplitudes and phases, than the superposition of linear modes. Wave field is the result of superposition of unstable modes whose amplitudes fluctuate in time under the influence of reversible interactions. Development of extreme waves occurs over the time of the order of one wave period. Such fast evolution cannot be explained by the theory of modulational instability. Calculations of extreme wave probability, using a linear model, provide the results close to the calculations by a non-linear model. This is why the role of the nonlinearity in generation of extreme waves is evidently not very significant. When crest merging occurs, a quick nonlinear wave interaction takes place, which leads to a sharp increase of the resulting wave and further possibility of overturning. A jaggy character of 2-D wave spectrum with high resolution (presence of steady peaks and holes) is a typical result of direct wave modeling. The results of the numerical modeling significantly depend on the minor details of initial conditions. Therefore, the results confirmed statistically should be obtained by ensemble modeling. Such modeling, in particular, does not prove correctness of the Hasselmann’s theory.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>поверхностные волны</kwd><kwd>численное моделирование</kwd><kwd>стационарные решения</kwd><kwd>волны Стокса</kwd><kwd>неустойчивость волнового спектра</kwd><kwd>экстремальные волны</kwd><kwd>фокусировка энергии</kwd><kwd>ансамблевое моделирование</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>surface waves</kwd><kwd>numerical modeling</kwd><kwd>stationary solutions</kwd><kwd>Stokes waves</kwd><kwd>instability of wave spectrum</kwd><kwd>extreme waves</kwd><kwd>energy focusing</kwd><kwd>ensemble modeling</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group xml:lang="ru"><funding-statement>Работа выполнялась при поддержке РФФИ, грант 14-05-0042214 (Реализация комплексных научных программ организаций)</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Stokes G. 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