<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">hydrophysics</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Фундаментальная и прикладная гидрофизика</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Fundamental and Applied Hydrophysics</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2073-6673</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2782-5221</issn><publisher><publisher-name>St. Petersburg Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.7868/S2073667319020072</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">hydrophysics-55</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ФУНДАМЕНТАЛЬНЫЕ ВОПРОСЫ ГИДРОФИЗИКИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>FUNDAMENTAL ISSUES OF HYDROPHYSICS</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Структура приводного слоя атмосферы</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>The structure of surface layer above sea</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Чаликов</surname><given-names>Д. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Chalikov</surname><given-names>D. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">dmitry-chalikov@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Булгаков</surname><given-names>К. Ю.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Bulgakov</surname><given-names>K. Yu.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Институт океанологии им. П. П. Ширшова РАН</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Shirshov Institute of Oceanology of Russian Academy of Sciences</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Мельбурнский университет</institution><country>Австралия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>University of Melbourne</institution><country>Australia</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2019</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>29</day><month>11</month><year>2021</year></pub-date><volume>12</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>50</fpage><lpage>65</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Чаликов Д.В., Булгаков К.Ю., 2021</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2021</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Чаликов Д.В., Булгаков К.Ю.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Chalikov D.V., Bulgakov K.Y.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://hydrophysics.spbrc.ru/jour/article/view/55">https://hydrophysics.spbrc.ru/jour/article/view/55</self-uri><abstract><p>Сформулирована одномерная модель пограничного слоя над волнами. Модель основана на результатах ранее проведенных численных экспериментов с объединенной двумерной моделью волнового пограничного слоя. Пограничный слой над волнами отличается от пограничного слоя над твердой поверхностью появлением дополнительного механизма вертикального волнового потока импульса, созданного непосредственно искривленной и движущейся поверхностью. Одномерные уравнения волнового пограничного слоя могут быть выведены только в следующей поверхности системе координат. В этом случае уравнения явно содержат дополнительные члены, отражающие специфику взаимодействия ветра и волн. Обмен импульсом между ветром и волнами рассчитывается в спектральном пространстве как сумма отдельных потоков создаваемых волновыми модами. Традиционно предполагается, что поток импульса пропорционален спектральной плотности волновой энергии с коэффициентом пропорциональности, зависящим от возраста моды. Проведены расчеты, иллюстрирующие особенности волнового пограничного слоя: профили скорости ветра, энергии турбулентности, волновых и турбулентных потоков импульса. Обсуждается соотношение внешнего (на верхней границе волнового пограничного слоя) и внутреннего (у поверхности) параметров шероховатости. Показывается, что коэффициент сопротивления зависит от скорости ветра и от параметров волнения, в частности, от формы спектра, что объясняет большой разброс данных для этой величины. Сформулированы перспективы дальнейшего развития подхода и его применения в задачах геофизической гидродинамики. Модель такого рода предназначена для объединения атмосферных и океанических моделей с моделями поверхностных волн.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The one-dimensional model of boundary layer above sea waves is suggested. The model is based on results obtained before with two-dimensional coupled model of wind and waves. The boundary layer above waves is different of model above flat surface by appearance of additional momentum flux created directly by curvilinear and moving interface. The one-dimensional equations of wave boundary layer can be derived in curvilinear surface-following coordinate system. In this case the equations contain explicitly the specifics of wave boundary layer. The momentum exchange between wind and waves is calculated in spectral space as a sum of separate fluxes, produced by wave modes. It is traditionally suggested that momentum flux is proportional to spectral density of wave energy with coefficient depending on wave age of each mode. The calculations illustrating the specific features of wave boundary layer: velocity and energy of turbulence profiles, wave and turbulent fluxes of momentum. The ratio of external (at upper level of boundary layer) and internal (at surface) roughness parameters is discussed. It is shown that external drag coefficient depends not only on wind velocity but also on shape of wave spectrum, what explains the large scatter of experimental data. Further development of suggested approach for problems of geophysical fluid mechanics is discussed. Such models are intended for coupling of atmosphere and ocean models with wave forecasting models.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>волновой пограничный слой</kwd><kwd>поток импульса и энергии к волнам</kwd><kwd>коэффициент сопротивления</kwd><kwd>волновой спектр</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>wave boundary layer</kwd><kwd>flux of momentum and energy to waves</kwd><kwd>drag coefficient</kwd><kwd>wave spectrum</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Результаты исследований, представленные в разделах 4–6, получены за счет средств РФФИ (проект № 18-05-01122). Разделы 1–3 выполнены в рамках государственной программы 0149-2019-0015.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Charnock H. Wind stress on a water surface // Quart. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc. 1955. V. 81. P. 639–640.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Charnock H. Wind stress on a water surface. Quart. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc. 1955, 81, 639–640.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chalikov D.V. A mathematical model of wind-induced waves // Doklady Acad. Sci USSR. 1976. V. 229 P. 121–126.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chalikov D.V. A mathematical model of wind-induced waves. Doklady Acad Sci USSR. 1976, 229, 121–126.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chalikov D.V. Numerical simulation of wind-wave interaction // J. Fluid Mech. 1978. V. 87. P. 561–582.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chalikov D.V. Numerical simulation of wind-wave interaction. J.Fluid Mech. 1978, 87, 561–582.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chalikov D.V. Mathematical modeling of wind-induced waves. News and problems of sciences series. Gidrometeoizdat.: 1980. 50 p. (in Russian).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chalikov D.V. Mathematical modeling of wind-induced waves. News and problems of sciences series. Gidrometeoizdat, 1980, 50 p. (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chalikov D.V. Numerical simulation of the boundary layer above waves // Bound Layer Met. 1986. V. 34. P. 63–98.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chalikov D.V. Numerical simulation of the boundary layer above waves. Bound Layer Met. 1986, 34, 63–98.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chalikov D. The parameterization of the wave boundary layer // J. Phys. Oceanogr. 1995. V. 25. P. 1335–1349.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chalikov D. The parameterization of the wave boundary layer. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 1995, 25, 1335–1349.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chalikov D., Belevich M. One-dimensional theory of the wave boundary layer // Bound-Lay Meteorol. 1993. V. 63. P. 65–96.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chalikov D., Belevich M. One-dimensional theory of the wave boundary layer. Bound-Lay Meteorol. 1993, 63, 65–96.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Monin A.S., Yaglom A.M. Statistical fluid mechanics: mechanics of turbulence. Vol. 1. Cambridge: M.I.T. Press, 1971. 770 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Monin A.S., Yaglom A.M. Statistical fluid mechanics: mechanics of turbulence. Vol. 1. Cambridge, M.I.T. Press, 1971. 770 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chalikov D. Interactive modeling of surface waves and boundary layer // Proceeding of the third international symposium WAVES97. 1998. P. 1525–1540.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chalikov D. Interactive modeling of surface waves and boundary layer. Proceeding of the third international symposium WAVES97. 1998, 1525–1540.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chalikov D., Rainchik S. Coupled numerical modelling of wind and waves and the theory of the wave boundary layer // Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 2010. V. 138, Iss 1. P. 1–41. doi:10.1007/s10546-010-9543-7</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chalikov D., Rainchik S. Coupled numerical modelling of wind and waves and the theory of the wave boundary layer. Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 2010, 138, 1, 1–41. doi:10.1007/s10546-010-9543-7</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chalikov D. Numerical modeling of sea waves. Springer, 2016. 330 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chalikov D. Numerical modeling of sea waves. Springer, 2016. 330 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Miles J.W. On the generation of surface waves by shearflows // J. Fluid Mech. 1957. V. 3, Iss. 2. P. 185–204.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Miles J.W. On the generation of surface waves by shearflows. J. Fluid Mech. 1957, 3, 2, 185–204.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Donelan M.A., Babanin A.V., Young I.R., Banner M.L., McCormick C. Wave follower field measurements of the wind input spectral function Part I. Measurements and calibrations // J. Atmos. Oceanic Tech. 2005. V. 22. P. 799–813.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Donelan M.A., Babanin A.V., Young I.R., Banner M.L., McCormick C. Wave follower field measurements of the wind input spectral function Part I. Measurements and calibrations. J. Atmos. Oceanic Tech. 2005, 22, 799–813.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Donelan M.A., Babanin A.V., Young I.R., Banner M.L. Wave follower field measurements of the wind input spectral function. Part II. Parameterization of the wind input // J. Phys Oceanogr. 2006. V. 36. P. 1672–1688.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Donelan M.A., Babanin A.V., Young I.R., Banner M.L. Wave follower field measurements of the wind input spectral function. Part II. Parameterization of the wind input. J. Phys Oceanogr. 2006, 36, 1672–1688.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Launder B.E., Spalding D.B. The numerical computation of turbulent flows // Comput. Methods Appl. Mech. Eng. 1974. V. 3. P. 269–289.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Launder B.E., Spalding D.B. The numerical computation of turbulent flows. Comput. Methods Appl. Mech. Eng. 1974, 3, 269–289.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hasselmann K., Barnett R.P., Bouws E. et al. Measurements of wind-wave growth and swell decay during the Joint Sea Wave Project (JONSWAP). Deutsches Hydrogr. Inst. 1973. 95 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hasselmann K., Barnett R.P., Bouws E. et al. Measurements of wind-wave growth and swell decay during the Joint Sea Wave Project (JONSWAP). Deutsches Hydrogr. Inst. 1973, 95 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Babanin A.V., Soloviev Yu.P. Parameterization of width of directional energy distributions of wind-generated waves at limited fetches // Izv. RAS, Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics. 1987. V. 23. P. 645–651.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Babanin A.V., Soloviev Yu.P. Parameterization of width of directional energy distributions of wind-generated waves at limited fetches. Izv. RAS, Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics. 1987, 23, 645–651.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pierson W.J., Moscowitz L. A proposed spectral form for fully developed wind seas based on the similarity theory of S.A. Kitaigorodskii // J. Geophys. Res. 1964. V. 69, Iss. 24. P. 5181–5190.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pierson W.J., Moscowitz L. A proposed spectral form for fully developed wind seas based on the similarity theory of S.A. Kitaigorodskii. J. Geophys. Res. 1964, 69, 24, 5181–5190.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Donelan M.A. Air-sea interaction // The sea. 1990. V. 9. P. 239–292.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Donelan M.A. Air-sea interaction. The sea. 1990, 9, 239–292.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Thomas L.H. Elliptic problems in linear differential equations over a network. New York: Columbia. University, 1949.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Thomas L.H. Elliptic problems in linear differential equations over a network. New York, Columbia University, 1949.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Smedman A.S., Larsen X.G., Höström U. Is the logarithmic wind law valid over the sea? // Wind over waves II: forecasting and fundamentals of applications. 2003. P. 23–33.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Smedman A.S., Larsen X.G., Höström U. Is the logarithmic wind law valid over the sea? Wind over waves II: forecasting and fundamentals of applications. 2003, 23–33.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tolman H., Chalikov D. On the source terms in a third-generation wind wave model // J. Phys. Oceanogr. 1996. V. 11. P. 2497–2518.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tolman H., Chalikov D. On the source terms in a third-generation wind wave model. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 1996, 11, 2497–2518.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
