hydrophysicsФундаментальная и прикладная гидрофизикаFundamental and Applied Hydrophysics2073-66732782-5221St. Petersburg Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences10.7868/S207366731904004Xhydrophysics-44Research ArticleГИДРОФИЗИЧЕСКИЕ И БИОГЕОХИМИЧЕСКИЕ ПОЛЯ И ПРОЦЕССЫHYDROPHYSICAL AND BIOGEOCHEMICAL FIELDS AND PROCESSESК оценке распространения микропластика в восточной части Финского заливаOn the assessment of microplastic distribution in the eastern part of the Gulf of FinlandМартьяновС. Д.MartyanovS. D.

Москва

Moscow

martyanov.sd@gmail.comРябченкоВ. А.RyabchenkoV. A.

Москва

Moscow

ЕршоваА. А.ErshovaA. A.

Санкт-Петербург

St. Petersburg

ЕрёминаТ. Р.EreminaT. R.

Санкт-Петербург

St. Petersburg

МартинГ.MartinG.

Тарту

Tartu

Институт океанологии им. П.П. Ширшова РАНРоссияShirshov Institute of Oceanology, Russian Academy of SciencesRussian FederationРоссийский государственный гидрометеорологический университетРоссияRussian State Hydrometeorological UniversityRussian FederationЭстонский морской институт, Тартуский университетЭстонияEstonian Marine Institute, University of TartuEstonia2019291120211243241Copyright © Мартьянов С.Д., Рябченко В.А., Ершова А.А., Ерёмина Т.Р., Мартин Г., 20212021Мартьянов С.Д., Рябченко В.А., Ершова А.А., Ерёмина Т.Р., Мартин Г.Martyanov S.D., Ryabchenko V.A., Ershova A.A., Eremina T.R., Martin G.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://hydrophysics.spbrc.ru/jour/article/view/44

Для изучения характеристик распространения частиц микропластика, поступающих с водами Невы, в Невской губе и в восточной части Финского залива используется трехмерная численная гидродинамическая модель, основанная на Принстонской модели океана POM. Модель реализована на равномерной квазиортогональной горизонтальной сетке с шагом 100 м, в вертикальном направлении используются 7 равномерно распределенных сигма-уровней. Морские начальные условия и условия на западной границе для уровня воды, температуры и солености были взяты из оперативной модели Балтийского моря HIROMB-BOOS Датского метеорологического института с дискретностью 1 час. На восточной границе в устье Невы были заданы среднемесячные климатические значения расхода и температуры Невы. Атмосферное воздействие было взято из результатов реанализа ERA-Interim с 6-часовым временным разрешением и пространственным разрешением 0.125 × 0.125°. Были рассмотрены два типа суспензии, которые моделировали распространение частиц микропластика в воде: примесь нейтральной плавучести и оседающая взвесь со скоростью опускания 0.2 м/сут. Оба типа взвеси поступают из Невы с постоянной объемной концентрацией 10−6. Для расчета толщины слоя осаждающейся фракции на дне используется упрощенное уравнение Экснера. Расчеты проводились за период май—август 2018 года, когда был выполнен мониторинг пластикового мусора на пляжах Невской губы и восточной части Финского залива.

Согласно результатам расчетов, пространственное распределение опускающихся частиц в целом повторяет распределение примеси нейтральной плавучести, с той лишь разницей, что чем дальше от источника частиц на запад, тем ниже концентрация опускающихся частиц. Существенной особенностью распределения является то, что большая часть рассматриваемого периода концентрации в северной части модельного домена выше, чем в его южной части. Изменение толщины донного слоя частиц осаждающейся фракции в конце периода счета 31 августа 2018 г., т.е. накопление частиц микропластика в донных отложениях за рассматриваемый период, характеризуется той же особенностью, что и распределение взвеси обоих типов в воде: накопление микропластика в донных отложениях в северной части модельной области за пределами Невской Губы было заметно больше, чем в южной части, особенно в прибрежной зоне.

Данные по мониторингу загрязнения пляжей побережья пластиковым мусором косвенно подтверждают полученные результаты: на южном побережье восточной части Финского залива за пределами Невской Губы практически не было пластикового мусора в период с июня по август 2018 года, хотя он был обнаружен в значительных количествах на северном побережье. Таким образом, модельные оценки распространения частиц микропластика в воде и их накопления в донных отложениях могут быть использованы для выбора районов для будущей работы по мониторингу загрязнения пластиковым мусором побережья Финского залива.

To study the propagation characteristics of microplastic particles coming with the Neva river waters, in the Neva Bay and in the eastern part of the Gulf of Finland, a three-dimensional numerical hydrodynamic model based on the Princeton Ocean Model is used. The model is implemented on a uniform quasi-orthogonal horizontal grid with a step of 100 m, in the vertical direction 7 uniformly distributed sigma levels are used. The marine initial conditions and conditions at the western boundary for water level, temperature and salinity were taken from the Baltic Sea operational model HIROMB-BOOS of the Danish Meteorological Institute with discreteness of 1 hour. On the eastern boundary at the mouth of the Neva the average monthly climatic river discharge and temperature of the Neva were set. Atmospheric forcing was taken from the results of the ECMWF ERA-Interim reanalysis with 6-hour temporal resolution and with a spatial resolution of 0.125 × 0.125°. Two types of suspension were considered that simulated the propagation of microplastic particles in the water: admixture of neutral buoyancy and a sinking suspension with a sinking velocity of 0.2 m/day. Both types of suspension come from the Neva River with a constant volume concentration of 10−6. To calculate the thickness of the layer of the settling fraction at the bottom the simplified Exner equation is used. The calculations were performed for the period May—August 2018 when the quantity and composition of plastic litter was monitored on the coast of the Neva Bay and the eastern part of the Gulf of Finland.

According to model results, the spatial distribution of the sinking particles, in general, repeats the distribution of the admixture of neutral buoyancy, with the only difference being that the farther from the particle source to the west, the lower the concentration of the sinking particles. An essential feature of the distribution is that during most time of the considered period the concentrations of both suspensions in the northern part of the model domain is higher than those found in its southern part. The change in the thickness of the bottom layer of the particles of the settling fraction at the end of the period on August 31, 2018, i.e. the accumulation of microplastic particles in bottom sediments for the period under consideration, is characterized by the same feature as the space distribution of the admixture of neutral buoyancy in water: the accumulation of microplastic in bottom sediments in the northern part of the model area outside the Neva Bay was noticeably greater than in the southern part, especially in the coastal zone.

The data on monitoring the coastal pollution by plastic litter indirectly confirm the model results: there was practically no plastic litter on the southern coast of the eastern Gulf of Finland outside the Neva Bay between June and August 2018, while it was found on the northern coast in significant quantities. Thus, model estimates of the distribution of microplastic particles in water and its accumulation in bottom sediments can be used to select areas for future work on monitoring plastic litter pollution on the coast of the Gulf of Finland.

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.