<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">hydrophysics</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Фундаментальная и прикладная гидрофизика</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Fundamental and Applied Hydrophysics</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2073-6673</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2782-5221</issn><publisher><publisher-name>St. Petersburg Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.7868/S2073667321030114</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">hydrophysics-35</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ГИДРОФИЗИЧЕСКИЕ И БИОГЕОХИМИЧЕСКИЕ ПОЛЯ И ПРОЦЕССЫ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>HYDROPHYSICAL AND BIOGEOCHEMICAL FIELDS AND PROCESSES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Сезонность субмезомасштабных когерентных вихрей в северной Балтике: модельное исследование</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Seasonality of Submesoscale Coherent Vortices in the Northern Baltic Proper: A Model Study</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Вяли</surname><given-names>Г.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Väli</surname><given-names>G.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>12618, Академиа тээ, 15A, г. Таллинн</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>12618, Akadeemia tee, 15A, Tallinn</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Журбас</surname><given-names>В. М.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Zhurbas</surname><given-names>V. M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>117997, Нахимовский пр., д. 36, г. Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>117997, Nahimovsky Pr., 36, Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">zhurbas@ocean.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Таллиннский технологический университет, Кафедра морских систем</institution><country>Эстония</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Tallinn University of Technology, Department of Marine Systems</institution><country>Estonia</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Институт океанологии им. П.П. Ширшова РАН</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Shirshov Institute of Oceanology, RAS</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2021</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>29</day><month>11</month><year>2021</year></pub-date><volume>14</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>122</fpage><lpage>129</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Вяли Г., Журбас В.М., 2021</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2021</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Вяли Г., Журбас В.М.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Väli G., Zhurbas V.M.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://hydrophysics.spbrc.ru/jour/article/view/35">https://hydrophysics.spbrc.ru/jour/article/view/35</self-uri><abstract><p>Моделирование северной части собственно Балтийского моря с очень высоким разрешением показывает, что летом образуются циклонические и антициклонические субмезомасштабные когерентные вихри (СКВ) с экстремумом вертикальной завихренности в поверхностном слое, в то время как подповерхностные антициклонические СКВ в форме выпуклых линз в поле плотности преобладают над циклоническими СКВ – вогнутыми линзами с экстремумом вертикальной завихренности в холодном промежуточном слое ниже сезонного термоклина и выше перманентного галоклина. Зимой сезонный термоклин и холодный промежуточный слой сменяются относительно глубоким конвективно-перемешанным слоем, что делает невозможным образование подповерхностных вогнутых циклонических и выпуклых антициклонических линз. Вместо этого преобладают зимние циклонические СКВ с экстремальной вертикальной завихренностью на поверхности. Ядро зимних циклонических СКВ характеризуется отрицательной температурной аномалией во всем конвективно-перемешанном слое. В течение своего жизненного цикла длительностью до нескольких месяцев и более, смоделированный СКВ может многократно сливаться с другими СКВ того же знака завихренности, и слияние делает вихрь сильнее, тем самым способствуя его долговечности.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>A very high-resolution modelling of the northern Baltic Proper shows that in summer the cyclonic and anticyclonic submesoscale coherent vortices (SCVs) with the extremum of vertical vorticity in the surface layer are formed, while the subsurface anticyclonic SCVs in the shape of convex lenses in the density field prevail over the cyclonic SCVs – concave lenses, with the vertical vorticity extremum in the cold intermediate layer below the seasonal thermocline and above the permanent halocline. In winter the seasonal thermocline and cold intermediate layer are replaced by a relatively deep convectively-mixed layer which makes the formation of subsurface concave cyclonic and convex anticyclonic lenses impossible there. Instead, the winter-time cyclonic SCVs with the vertical vorticity extremum at the surface dominate. The core of winter-time cyclonic SCVs is characterized by a negative temperature anomaly throughout the mixed layer. During its life cycle lasting up to several months and more, the modelled SCVs can repeatedly merge with other SCVs of the same sign of vorticity, and the merger makes the eddy stronger thereby contributing to its longevity.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>Балтийское море</kwd><kwd>численное моделирование с очень высоким разрешением</kwd><kwd>субмезомасштабный когерентный вихрь</kwd><kwd>гравитационная конвекция во вращающейся жидкости</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Baltic Sea</kwd><kwd>very high-resolution numerical modelling</kwd><kwd>submesoscale coherent vortex</kwd><kwd>gravitational convection in rotating fluid</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The allocation of computing time on High Performance Computing cluster by the Tallinn University of Technology and by the University of Tartu is gratefully acknowledged. GETM community in Leibniz Institute of Baltic Sea Research (IOW) is acknowledged for their technical support and the maintenance of model code. Germo Väli was supported by the Estonian Research Council (grant no. PRG602 and grant no. IUT19-6). Victor Zhurbas was supported by the budgetary financing of the Shirshov Institute of Oceanology RAS (Project No. 0128-2021-0001).</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">McWilliams J.C. Submesoscale, coherent vortices in the ocean // Rev. Geophys. 1985. V. 23. P. 165—182. doi: 10.1029/RG023i002p00165</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">McWilliams J.C. Submesoscale, coherent vortices in the ocean. Rev. Geophys. 1985, 23, 165—182. doi: 10.1029/RG023i002p00165</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">McWilliams J.C. Vortex generation through balanced adjustment // J. Phys. Oceanogr. 1988. V. 18. P. 1178—1192. doi: 10.1175/1520—0485(1988)018&lt;1178:VGTBA&gt;2.0.CO;2</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">McWilliams J.C. Vortex generation through balanced adjustment. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 1988, 18, 1178—1192. doi: 10.1175/1520-0485(1988)018&lt;1178:VGTBA&gt;2.0.CO;2</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Armi L., Hebert D., Oakey N., Price J.F., Richardson P.L., Rossby H.T., Rudduck B. Two years in the life of a Mediterraneam salt lens // J. Phys. Oceanogr. 1989. V. 19. P. 354—370. doi: 10.1175/1520—0485(1989)019&lt;0354:TYITLO&gt;2.0.CO;2</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Armi L., Hebert D., Oakey N., Price J. F., Richardson P. L., Rossby H. T., Rudduck B. Two years in the life of a Mediterraneam salt lens. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 1989, 19, 354—370. doi: 10.1175/1520-0485(1989)019&lt;0354:TYITLO&gt;2.0.CO;2</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Бенилов А.Ю., Сафрай А.С., Филюшкин Б.Н., Кожелупова Н.Г. О нелинейной динамике линз средиземноморской воды «медди» // Фундам. прикл. гидрофиз. 2020. Т. 13, № 3. С. 20—42. doi: 10.7868/S2073667320030028</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Benilov A.Yu., Safray A.S., Filyushkin B.N., Kojelupova N.G. On nonlinear dynamics of Meddies. Fundam. Prikl. Gidrofiz. 2020, 13, 3, 20—42 (in Russian). doi: 10.7868/S2073667320030028</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">McWilliams J.C. Submesoscale currents in the ocean // Proc. R. Soc. A. 2016. V. 472. 20160117. doi: 10.1098/rspa.2016.0117</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">McWilliams J.C. Submesoscale currents in the ocean. Proc. R. Soc. A. 2016, 72, 20160117. doi: 10.1098/rspa.2016.0117</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Журбас В.М., Кузьмина Н.П. О растекании перемешанного пятна во вращающейся устойчиво стратифицированной жидкости // Изв. АН СССР, сер. ФАО. 1981. Т. 17, № 3. С. 286—295.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhurbas V.M., Kuzmina N.P. On the spreading of a mixed patch in a rotating stably stratified fluid. Izv. Acad. Sci. SSSR, Atmos. and Oceanic Phys. 1981, 17(3), 211–217.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">D’Asaro E. Generation of submesoscale vortices: a new mechanism // J. Geophys. Res. 1988. V. 93. P. 6685—6693. doi: 10.1029/JC093iC06p06685</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">D’Asaro E. Generation of submesoscale vortices: a new mechanism. J. Geophys. Res. 1988, 93, 6685—6693. doi: 10.1029/JC093iC06p06685</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gula J., Molemaker M.J., McWilliams J.C. Gulf Stream dynamics along the southeastern U. S. Seaboard // J. Phys. Oceanogr. 2015. V. 45. P. 690—715. doi: 10.1175/JPO-D-14-0154.1</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gula J., Molemaker M.J., McWilliams J.C. Gulf Stream dynamics along the southeastern U. S. Seaboard. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 2015, 45, 690—715. doi: 10.1175/JPO-D-14-0154.1</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Elken J., Pajuste M., Kõuts T. On intrusive lenses and their role in mixing in the Baltic deep layers // Proceedings of the Conference of the Baltic Oceanographers, Kiel. 1988. 1. P. 367—376.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Elken J., Pajuste M., Kõuts T. On intrusive lenses and their role in mixing in the Baltic deep layers. Proceedings of the Conference of the Baltic Oceanographers, Kiel. 1988, 1, 367—376.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhurbas V.M., Paka V.T. Mesoscale thermohaline variability in the Eastern Gotland Basin following the 1993 major Baltic inflow // J. Geophys. Res. 1997. V. 102(C9). P. 20917—20926. doi: 10.1029/97JC00443</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhurbas V.M., Paka V.T. Mesoscale thermohaline variability in the Eastern Gotland Basin following the 1993 major Baltic inflow. J. Geophys. Res. 1997, 102(C9), 20917—20926. doi: 10.1029/97JC00443</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sellschopp J., Arneborg L., Knoll M., Fiekas V., Gerdes F., Burchard H., Lass H.U., Mohrholz V., Umlauf L. Direct observations of medium-intensity inflow into the Baltic Sea // Cont. Shelf Res. 2006. V. 26. P. 2393—2414. doi: 10.1016/j.csr.2006.07.004</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sellschopp J., Arneborg L., Knoll M., Fiekas V., Gerdes F., Burchard H., Lass H.U., Mohrholz V., Umlauf L. Direct observations of medium-intensity inflow into the Baltic Sea. Cont. Shelf Res. 2006, 26, 2393—2414. doi: 10.1016/j.csr.2006.07.004</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Piechura J., Beszczyńska-Möller A. Inflow waters in the deep regions of the Southern Baltic Sea – transport and transformations // Oceanologia. 2003. V. 45(4). P. 593—621.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Piechura J., Beszczyńska-Möller A. Inflow waters in the deep regions of the Southern Baltic Sea – transport and transformations. Oceanologia. 2003, 45(4), 593—621.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhurbas V., Stipa T., Mälkki P., Paka V., Golenko N., Hense I., Sklyarov V. Generation of subsurface cyclonic eddies in the southeast Baltic Sea: observations and numerical experiments // J. Geophys. Res. Oceans. 2004. 109. C05033. doi: 10.1029/2003JC002074</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhurbas V., Stipa T., Mälkki P., Paka V., Golenko N., Hense I., Sklyarov V. Generation of subsurface cyclonic eddies in the southeast Baltic Sea: observations and numerical experiments. J. Geophys. Res. Oceans. 2004, 109, C05033. doi: 10.1029/2003JC002074</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhurbas V.M., Oh I.S., Paka V.T. Generation of cyclonic eddies in the Eastern Gotland Basin of the Baltic Sea following dense water inflows: numerical experiments // J. Mar. Sys. 2003. V. 38. P. 323—336. doi: 10.1016/S0924-7963(02)00251-8</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhurbas V.M., Oh I.S., Paka V.T. Generation of cyclonic eddies in the Eastern Gotland Basin of the Baltic Sea following dense water inflows: Numerical experiments. J. Mar. Sys. 2003, 38, 323—336. doi: 10.1016/S0924-7963(02)00251-8</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhurbas V., Elken J., Paka V., Piechura J., Väli G., Chubarenko I., Golenko N., Shchuka S. Structure of unsteady overflow in the Słupsk Furrow of the Baltic Sea // J. Geophys. Res. Oceans. 2012. V. 117. C04027. doi: 10.1029/2011JC007284</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhurbas V., Elken J., Paka V., Piechura J., Väli G., Chubarenko I., Golenko N., Shchuka S. Structure of unsteady overflow in the Słupsk Furrow of the Baltic Sea. J. Geophys. Res. Oceans. 2012, 117, C04027. doi: 10.1029/2011JC007284</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Spall M.A., Price J.F. Mesoscale variability in the Denmark Strait: the PV outflow hypothesis // J. Phys. Oceanogr. 1998. V. 28. P. 1598—1623. doi: 10.1175/1520-0485(1998)028&lt;1598:MVIDST&gt;2.0.CO;2</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Spall M.A., Price J.F. Mesoscale variability in the Denmark Strait: the PV outflow hypothesis. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 1998, 28, 1598—1623. doi: 10.1175/1520-0485(1998)028&lt;1598:MVIDST&gt;2.0.CO;2</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Каримова С.С., Лаврова О.Ю., Соловьев Д.М. Наблюдение вихревых структур в Балтийском море с использованием радиолокационных и радиометрических данных // Исследование Земли из космоса. 2011. № 5. С. 15—23. doi: 10.1134/S0001433812090071</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Karimova S.S., Lavrova O.Yu., Solov’ev D.M. Observation of eddy structures in the Baltic Sea with the use of radiolocation and radiometric satellite data. Izv. Atm. Ocean. Phys. 2012, 48(9), 1006—1013. doi: 10.1134/S0001433812090071</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Laanemets J., Väli G., Zhurbas V., Elken J., Lips I., Lips U. Simulation of mesoscale structures and nutrient transport during summer upwelling events in the Gulf of Finland in 2006 // Boreal Environ. Res. 2011. V. 16(A). P. 15—26.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Laanemets J., Väli G., Zhurbas V., Elken J., Lips I., Lips U. Simulation of mesoscale structures and nutrient transport during summer upwelling events in the Gulf of Finland in 2006. Boreal Environ. Res. 2011, 16(A), 15—26.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Väli G., Zhurbas V., Lips U., Laanemets J. Submesoscale structures related to upwelling events in the Gulf of Finland, Baltic Sea (numerical experiments) // J. Mar. Syst. 2017. 171(SI). P. 31—42. doi: 10.1016/j.jmarsys.2016.06.010</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Väli G., Zhurbas V., Lips U., Laanemets J. Submesoscale structures related to upwelling events in the Gulf of Finland, Baltic Sea (numerical experiments). J. Mar. Syst. 2017, 171(SI), 31—42. doi: 10.1016/j.jmarsys.2016.06.010</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Вяли Г., Журбас В., Липс У., Лаанеметс Я. Кластеризация плавающих частиц из-за субмезомасштабной динамики: модельное исследование для Финского залива Балтийского моря // Фундам. прикл. гидрофиз. 2018. Т. 11, № 2. С. 21—35. doi: 10.7868/S2073667318020028</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Väli G., Zhurbas V., Lips U., Laanemets J. Clustering of floating particles due to submesoscale dynamics: a simulation study for the Gulf of Finland, Baltic Sea. Fudam. Prikl. Gidrofiz. 2018, 11 (2), 21—35. doi: 10.7868/S2073667318020028</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhurbas V., Väli G., Kuzmina N. Rotation of floating particles in submesoscale cyclonic and anticyclonic eddies: a model study for the southeastern Baltic Sea // Ocean Sci. 2019. 15. P. 1691—1705. doi: 10.5194/os-15-1691-2019</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhurbas V., Väli G., Kuzmina N. Rotation of floating particles in submesoscale cyclonic and anticyclonic eddies: a model study for the southeastern Baltic Sea. Ocean Sci. 2019, 15, 1691—1705. doi: 10.5194/os-15-1691-2019</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Reißmann J.H. An algorithm to detect isolated anomalies in three-dimensional stratified data fields with an application to density fields from four deep basins of the Baltic Sea // J. Geophys. Res. 2005. V. 110. C12018. doi: 10.1029/2005JC002885</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Reißmann J.H. An algorithm to detect isolated anomalies in three-dimensional stratified data fields with an application to density fields from four deep basins of the Baltic Sea. J. Geophys. Res. 2005, 110, C12018. doi: 10.1029/2005JC002885</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Vortmeyer-Kley R., Holtermann P.L., Feudel U., Gräwe U. Comparing Eulerian and Lagrangian eddy census for a tideless, semi-enclosed basin, the Baltic Sea // Ocean Dyn. 2019. V. 69. P. 701—717. doi: 10.1007/s10236-019-01269-z</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vortmeyer-Kley R., Holtermann P.L., Feudel U., Gräwe U. Comparing Eulerian and Lagrangian eddy census for a tide-less, semi-enclosed basin, the Baltic Sea. Ocean Dyn. 2019, 69, 701—717. doi: 10.1007/s10236-019-01269-z</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Burchard H., Bolding K. GETM – a general estuarine transport model, Scientific documentation, Technical report EUR20253 en. // Tech. rep., European Commission. Ispra, Italy, 2002.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Burchard H., Bolding K. GETM – a general estuarine transport model, Scientific documentation, Technical report EUR20253 en. Tech. rep., European Commission. Ispra, Italy, 2002.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hofmeister R., Burchard H., Beckers J-M. Non-uniform adaptive vertical grids for 3D numerical ocean models // Ocean Model. 2010. V. 33(1—2). P. 70—86. doi: 10.1016/j.ocemod.2009.12.003</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hofmeister R., Burchard H., Beckers J-M. Non-uniform adaptive vertical grids for 3D numerical ocean models. Ocean Model. 2010, 33(1—2), 70—86. doi: 10.1016/j.ocemod.2009.12.003</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gräwe U., Holtermann P., Klingbeil K., Burchard H. Advantages of vertically adaptive coordinates in numerical models of stratified shelf seas // Ocean Model. 2015. V. 92. P. 56—68. doi: 10.1016/j.ocemod.2015.05.008</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gräwe U., Holtermann P., Klingbeil K., Burchard H. Advantages of vertically adaptive coordinates in numerical models of stratified shelf seas. Ocean Model. 2015, 92, 56—68, doi: 10.1016/j.ocemod.2015.05.008</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Burchard H., Bolding K. Comparative Analysis of Four Second-Moment Turbulence Closure Models for the Oceanic Mixed Layer // J. Phys. Oceanogr. 2001. V. 31. P. 1943—1968. doi: 10.1175/1520-0485(2001)031&lt;1943:CAOFSM&gt;2.0.CO;2</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Burchard H., Bolding K. Comparative Analysis of Four Second-Moment Turbulence Closure Models for the Oceanic Mixed Layer. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 2001, 31, 1943—1968. doi: 10.1175/1520-0485(2001)031&lt;1943:CAOFSM&gt;2.0.CO;2</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Canuto V.M., Howard A., Cheng Y., Dubovikov M.S. Ocean Turbulence. Part I: One-Point Closure Model – Momentum and Heat Vertical Diffusivities // J. Phys. Oceanogr. 2001. V. 31. P. 1413—1426. doi: 10.1175/1520-0485(2001)031&lt;1413:OTPIOP&gt;2.0.CO;2</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Canuto V.M., Howard A., Cheng Y., Dubovikov M.S. Ocean Turbulence. Part I: One-Point Closure Model – Momentum and Heat Vertical Diffusivities. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 2001, 31, 1413—1426. doi: 10.1175/1520-0485(2001)031&lt;1413:OTPIOP&gt;2.0.CO;2</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhurbas V., Väli G., Golenko M., Paka V. Variability of bottom friction velocity along the inflow water pathway in the Baltic Sea // J. Mar. Syst. 2018. V. 184. P. 50—58. doi: 10.1016/j.jmarsys.2018.04.008</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhurbas V., Väli G., Golenko M., Paka V. Variability of bottom friction velocity along the inflow water pathway in the Baltic Sea. J. Mar. Syst. 2018, 184, 50—58. doi: 10.1016/j.jmarsys.2018.04.008</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Liblik T., Väli G., Lips I., Lilover M.-J., Kikas V., Laanemets J. The winter stratification phenomenon and its consequences in the Gulf of Finland, Baltic Sea // Ocean Sci. 2020. V. 16. P. 1475—1490. doi: 10.5194/os-16-1475-2020</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Liblik T., Väli G., Lips I., Lilover M.-J., Kikas V., Laanemets J. The winter stratification phenomenon and its consequences in the Gulf of Finland, Baltic Sea. Ocean Sci. 2020, 16, 1475—1490. doi: 10.5194/os-16-1475-2020</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Männik A., Merilain M. Verification of different precipitation forecasts during extended winter-season in Estonia // HIRLAM Newsletter. 2007. 52. P. 65—70.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Männik A., Merilain M. Verification of different precipitation forecasts during extended winter-season in Estonia. HIRLAM Newsletter. 2007, 52, 65—70.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Killworth P.D. Deep convection in the World Ocean // Rev. Geophys. 1983. 21. P. 1—26. doi: 10.1029/RG021i001p00001</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Killworth P.D. Deep convection in the World Ocean. Rev. Geophys. 1983, 21, 1—26. doi: 10.1029/RG021i001p00001</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
