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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">hydrophysics</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Фундаментальная и прикладная гидрофизика</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Fundamental and Applied Hydrophysics</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2073-6673</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2782-5221</issn><publisher><publisher-name>St. Petersburg Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.7868/S2073667320010013</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">hydrophysics-3</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ФУНДАМЕНТАЛЬНЫЕ ВОПРОСЫ ГИДРОФИЗИКИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>FUNDAMENTAL ISSUES OF HYDROPHYSICS</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Об описании неравновесных процессов переноса и формировании динамических структур в жидких средах</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>On the description of non-equilibrium transport processes and formation of dynamic structures in liquid media</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Хантулева</surname><given-names>Т. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Khantuleva</surname><given-names>T. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>г. Санкт-Петербург</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>St. Petersburg</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">khan47@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Санкт-Петербургский государственный университет</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>St. Petersburg State University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2020</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>27</day><month>11</month><year>2021</year></pub-date><volume>13</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>3</fpage><lpage>14</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Хантулева Т.А., 2021</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2021</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Хантулева Т.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Khantuleva T.A.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://hydrophysics.spbrc.ru/jour/article/view/3">https://hydrophysics.spbrc.ru/jour/article/view/3</self-uri><abstract><p>Обсуждаются проблемы, связанные с описанием сложных движений жидких сред, которые сопровождаются многомасштабным комплексом неравновесных процессов, включая релаксационные и инерционные эффекты. За основу взят подход, основанный на нелокальной теории неравновесных процессов переноса с применением методов кибернетической физики, который позволяет выйти за пределы механики сплошной среды, описать самоорганизацию и эволюцию динамических вихреволновых структур при неравновесном переносе импульса в жидкости. В рамках этого подхода предложен алгоритм определения спектра масштабов динамических структур, формирующихся в неравновесных течениях жидкости за счет условий, наложенных на систему воздействиями со стороны ее окружения. Временная эволюция течения описывается с помощью принципа скоростного градиента, разработанного в теории управления адаптивными системами. Управляющими параметрами служат средние размеры динамической структуры жидкой среды, а целевая функция задается максимальной энтропией, которую может произвести система при наложенных на нее ограничениях. При этом между структурной эволюцией системы и динамикой течения формируются обратные связи, которые стабилизируют режим течения. Без их учета эволюция динамических структур может приводить к неустойчивостям разного типа и изменению режима течения. В качестве примера приведено высокоскоростное течение Рэлея, где показано, что за счет перехода к турбулентному режиму жидкость минимизирует необратимые потери механической энергии.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The paper discusses the problems associated with the description of the complicated motions of liquid media, which are accompanied by a multi-scale complex of non-equilibrium processes, including relaxation and inertial effects. The approach is based on the nonlocal theory of non-equilibrium transport processes using the methods of cybernetical physics, which allows one to go beyond the limits of continuum mechanics, to describe the self-organization and evolution of dynamic vortex-wave structures during non-equilibrium momentum transport in a liquid. In the framework of this approach, an algorithm is proposed for determining the scale spectrum of dynamic structures formed in non-equilibrium fluid flows due to the conditions imposed on the system by actions from the side of its environment. The temporal evolution of the flow is described using the Speed Gradient principle developed in the control theory of adaptive systems. The control parameters are the average sizes of the dynamic structure of the liquid medium, and the goal function is determined by the maximum entropy that the system can produce under the constraints imposed on it. In this case, feedback is formed between the structural evolution of the system and the dynamics of the flow, which stabilizes the flow regime. Without taking them into account, the evolution of dynamic structures can lead to various types of instabilities and a change in the flow regime. An example is the high-speed Rayleigh flow, where it is shown that, due to the transition to a turbulent regime, the liquid minimizes irreversible loss of mechanical energy.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>неравновесные течения жидкости</kwd><kwd>метод неравновесного статистического оператора</kwd><kwd>самоорганизация динамических структур</kwd><kwd>временная эволюция</kwd><kwd>принцип скоростного градиента</kwd><kwd>принцип максимума энтропии</kwd><kwd>обратная связь</kwd><kwd>ламинарно-турбулентный переход</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>non-equilibrium fluid flows</kwd><kwd>the method of non-equilibrium statistical operator</kwd><kwd>self-organization of dynamic structures</kwd><kwd>temporal evolution</kwd><kwd>the Speed Gradient principle</kwd><kwd>the principle of maximum entropy</kwd><kwd>feedback</kwd><kwd>laminar-turbulent transition</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Зубарев Д.Н. 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