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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">hydrophysics</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Фундаментальная и прикладная гидрофизика</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Fundamental and Applied Hydrophysics</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2073-6673</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2782-5221</issn><publisher><publisher-name>St. Petersburg Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.59887/2073-6673.2025.19(1)-1</article-id><article-id custom-type="edn" pub-id-type="custom">iuthkq</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">hydrophysics-1514</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ФУНДАМЕНТАЛЬНЫЕ ВОПРОСЫ ГИДРОФИЗИКИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>FUNDAMENTAL ISSUES OF HYDROPHYSICS</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Принципы нелокальной гидродинамики океана</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Principles of nonlocal ocean hydrodynamics</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2377-5621</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Родионов</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Rodionov</surname><given-names>A. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>РОДИОНОВ Анатолий Александрович, член-корреспондент РАН, профессор, руководитель научного направления «Фундаментальная и прикладная гидрофизика»</p><p>117997, Москва, Нахимовский проспект, д. 36</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>A. A. Rodionov</p><p>36 Nakhimovsky Prosp., Moscow, 117997</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">rodionov.aa@spb.ocean.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4633-7533</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Хантулева</surname><given-names>Т. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Khantuleva</surname><given-names>T. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>ХАНТУЛЕВА Татьяна Александровна, доктор физико-математических наук, ведущий научный сотрудник СПбФ ИО РАН, профессор кафедры физической механики</p><p>117997, Москва, Нахимовский проспект, д. 36</p><p>199034, Санкт-Петербург, Университетская наб., 7/9</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>T. A. Khantuleva</p><p>36 Nakhimovsky Prosp., Moscow, 117997</p><p>7/9 Universitetskaya nab., St. Petersburg, 199034</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">khan47@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru">Институт океанологии им. П.П. Ширшова РАН<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Shirshov Institute of Oceanology, Russian Academy of Sciences<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru">Институт океанологии им. П.П. Ширшова РАН; Санкт-Петербургский государственный университет<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Shirshov Institute of Oceanology, Russian Academy of Sciences; St Petersburg University, St. Petersburg State University<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>30</day><month>03</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>19</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>16</fpage><lpage>31</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Родионов А.А., Хантулева Т.А., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Родионов А.А., Хантулева Т.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Rodionov A.A., Khantuleva T.A.</copyright-holder><license license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://hydrophysics.spbrc.ru/jour/article/view/1514">https://hydrophysics.spbrc.ru/jour/article/view/1514</self-uri><abstract><p>Статья посвящена разработке основ нелокально-гидродинамического подхода к описанию гидрофизических процессов и полей в океане, основанного на строгих результатах неравновесной статистической механики и теории управления адаптивными системами. В экспериментальных исследованиях и теоретических проработках второй половины двадцатого столетия установлено, что океан, находящийся под воздействием солнечной энергии, небесных тел, вращения Земли, и взаимодействующий с атмосферой, сложными рельефом дна и береговой границей, является открытой неравновесной системой. Многомасштабные процессы, происходящие в океане под действием указанных факторов, являются сильнонеравновесными, и в совокупности приводят к самоорганизации океана.</p><p>Для описания динамики океана в настоящее время применяются методы классической механики сплошной среды и их модификации. Это позволяет решить ряд практически важных задач. Вместе с тем разработанные дифференциальные модели справедливы для систем в состоянии, близком к локальному термодинамическому равновесию. Поэтому классические гидродинамические модели непригодны для описания процессов формирования многомасштабных турбулентных вихре-волновых структур, и попытки их применения к описанию сильнонеравновесных процессов приводят к неадекватным природе решениям.</p><p>В результате разработки нелокально-гидродинамического подхода удалось сформулировать замкнутую постановку задачи о самоорганизации динамической структуры в открытой неравновесной системе, которая состоит из интегро-дифференциальных уравнений переноса с модельными интегральными ядрами. Параметры модели, определяющие размеры и времена жизни динамической структуры среды, удовлетворяют нелинейным дифференциальным уравнениям эволюции системы согласно алгоритму скоростного градиента. В системе формируется внутреннее управление через обратные связи между структурной динамикой и гидродинамическим поведением среды. Постановка дополняется начальными параметрами структуры среды и начальной скоростью ее деформации.</p><p>На основе разработанного нелокально-гидродинамического подхода к описанию сильнонеравновесных систем сформулированы принципы применения нелокальных моделей для описания комплекса процессов и явлений в океане.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>This article is devoted to developing the foundations of a nonlocal hydrodynamic approach to describing hydrophysical processes and fields in the ocean, based on rigorous results of nonequilibrium statistical mechanics and adaptive systems control theory. Experimental studies and theoretical work in the second half of the twentieth century established that the ocean, influenced by solar energy, celestial bodies, and the Earth’s rotation, and interacting with the atmosphere, complex bottom topography, and coastal boundaries, is an open nonequilibrium system. The multi-scale processes occurring in the ocean under the influence of these factors are highly nonequilibrium and together lead to the self-organization of the ocean.</p><p>Classical continuum mechanics methods and their modifications are currently used to describe ocean dynamics. This allows us to solve a number of practically important problems. However, the differential models developed are valid for describing systems whose state is close to the local thermodynamic equilibrium. Therefore, they are not suitable for describing the formation of turbulent eddy-wave structures, and attempts to apply classical hydrodynamic models to describe highly nonequilibrium processes lead to solutions that are inadequate to nature.</p><p>The development of a nonlocal hydrodynamic approach allowed us to formulate a closed-loop formulation of the problem of self-organization of a dynamic structure in an open system. This formulation consists of integro-differential transport equations with model integral kernels. The model parameters, which determine the sizes and lifetimes of the medium’s dynamic structure, satisfy nonlinear differential evolution equations according to the speed gradient algorithm. Internal control is formed in the system through feedback between the structural dynamics and the hydrodynamic behavior of the medium. The formulation is supplemented by the initial parameters of the medium’s structure and the initial rate of its deformation.</p><p>Based on the developed nonlocal hydrodynamic approach to the description of highly nonequilibrium systems, principles for the application of nonlocal models to describe a complex of processes and phenomena in the ocean are formulated.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>отрытые неравновесные системы</kwd><kwd>динамика океана</kwd><kwd>структурообразование в океане</kwd><kwd>вихре-волновые турбулентные структуры</kwd><kwd>нелокальные гидродинамические модели</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>open nonequilibrium systems</kwd><kwd>ocean dynamics</kwd><kwd>structure formation in the ocean</kwd><kwd>eddy-wave turbulent structures</kwd><kwd>nonlocal hydrodynamic models</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group xml:lang="ru"><funding-statement>Работа выполнена в рамках государственного задания Минобрнауки России для ИО РАН (тема № FMWE‑2024-0028).</funding-statement></funding-group><funding-group xml:lang="en"><funding-statement>The research was carried out within the state assignment of Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation for IO RAS (theme № FMWE‑2024-0028).</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Сеидов Д.Г. 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