hydrophysicsФундаментальная и прикладная гидрофизикаFundamental and Applied Hydrophysics2073-66732782-5221St. Petersburg Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences10.59887/2073-6673.2025.18(4)-6JPZJVVhydrophysics-1480Research ArticleГИДРОФИЗИЧЕСКИЕ И БИОГЕОХИМИЧЕСКИЕ ПОЛЯ И ПРОЦЕССЫHYDROPHYSICAL AND BIOGEOCHEMICAL FIELDS AND PROCESSESХарактерные черты климатического годового хода придонной температуры различных районов Ладожского озераСharacteristic features of climatic annual variations of bottom temperature in different regions of Lake Ladogahttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-3055-2629НауменкоМ. А.NaumenkoM. A.

Науменко Михаил Арсеньевич, доктор географических наук, профессор, руководитель Лаборатории географии и гидрологии 

WoS ResearcherID: K-9415-2013, Scopus AuthorID: 6604078329 

ул. Севастьянова, 9, г. Санкт-Петербург, 196105 

WoS ResearcherID: K-9415-2013, Scopus AuthorID: 6604078329 

9, Sevastyanova st., St. Petersburg, 196105 

m.a.naumenko@mail.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-6359-9290ГузиватыйВ. В.GuzivatyV. V.

Гузиватый Вадим Викторович, кандидат географических наук, старший научный сотрудник Лаборатории географии и гидрологии

WoS ResearcherID: AFN-5197-2022, Scopus AuthorID: 15725052900 

ул. Севастьянова, 9, г. Санкт-Петербург, 196105 

WoS ResearcherID: AFN-5197-2022, Scopus AuthorID: 15725052900 

9, Sevastyanova st., St. Petersburg, 196105 

guzivaty@gmail.comСанкт-Петербургский Федеральный исследовательский центр Российской академии наук (СПб ФИЦ РАН), Институт озероведения РАНРоссияSt. Petersburg Federal Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences (SPC RAS), Institute of Limnology of the Russian Academy of SciencesRussian Federation2025221220251848093Copyright © Науменко М.А., Гузиватый В.В., 20252025Науменко М.А., Гузиватый В.В.Naumenko M.A., Guzivaty V.V.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://hydrophysics.spbrc.ru/jour/article/view/1480

В настоящее время не существуют количественные оценки среднеклиматического годового хода параметров придонных температур в Ладожском озере, позволяющие судить о их межгодовых вариациях. Предложена феноменологическая модель среднеклиматической годовой изменчивости придонной температуры Ладожского озера в зависимости от глубины лимнического района. На основе анализа большого массива измерений температуры за столетний период определены характерные температуры и даты сезонного возникновения и диссипации вертикальной стратификации в течение года в связи с вариациями придонной температуры. Проведена оценка дисперсии и скорости изменения придонных температур в различные сезоны.

Начиная с глубины 100 м, в течение летнего периода существуют очень малые колебания придонной температуры в Ладожском озере. В зимний сезон эти колебания составляют примерно 1,5 °C и во многом зависят от даты возникновения и продолжительности периода открытой воды акватории и интенсивности вертикальной и горизонтальной конвекции. Эти показатели могут служить базовыми для оценки отклика реально измеренных или смоделированных термических параметров Ладожского озера на вариации климата, а также для сравнения с другими димиктическими озерами мира. Созданные эмпирические зависимости изменения придонной температуры от глубины дна для среднеклиматического года с ледовым покрытием и теплого (с не полным ледоставом) имеют прогностическое значение.

At present, there are no quantitative estimates of the mean climatic annual course of bottom temperature parameters in Lake Ladoga that allow us to judge their interannual variations. A phenomenological model of the mean climatic annual variability of the Lake Ladoga bottom temperature depending on the depth of the limnic region is proposed. Based on analysis of a large array of temperature measurements for a century period, characteristic temperatures and dates of seasonal occurrence and dissipation of vertical stratification during the year in connection with variations in bottom temperature are determined. The dispersion and rate of change of near-bottom temperatures in different seasons were estimated.

Starting from a depth of 100 m, there are very small variations of the bottom temperature in Lake Ladoga during the summer period. In the winter season, these fluctuations are about 1.5 °C and largely depend on the date of occurrence and duration of the open water period of the water area and the intensity of vertical and horizontal convection. These indices can serve as a baseline for evaluating the response of real measured or modeled thermal parameters of Lake Ladoga to climate variations, as well as for comparison with other dimictic lakes of the world. The created empirical dependences of the near bottom temperature change on the floor depth for an average climatic year with ice cover and a warm year (with incomplete ice cover) has prognostic value.

годовой ход придонной температурывесенняя и осенняя изотермиялимнические районыдимиктическое Ладожское озероannual variation of bottom temperaturespring and fall isothermialimnic regionsdimictic Lake LadogaПроведенные исследования выполнены по госзаданию FFZF-2024-0001 «Экосистемы Ладожского озера, водоемов его бассейна и прилегающих территорий в условиях воздействия природных и антропогенных факторов на фоне климатических изменений».Financial support of the research was mainly provided by the federal budget funds for the state task FFZF-2024-0001 “Ecosystems of Lake Ladoga, water bodies of its basin and adjacent territories under the influence of natural and anthropogenic factors against the background of climatic changes”.ReferencesSchneider P., Hook S.J., Radocinski R.G., et al. Satellite observations indicate rapid warming trend for lakes in California and Nevada // Geophysical Research Letters. 2009. No. 36. P. 22402. https://doi.org/10.1029/2009GL040846Schneider P, Hook SJ, Radocinski RG, et al. Satellite observations indicate rapid warming trend for lakes in California and Nevada. Geophysical Research Letters. 2009;36: L22402. https://doi.org/10.1029/2009GL040846Schneider P., Hook S.J. Space Observations of Inland Water Bodies Show Rapid Surface Warming since 1985 // Geophysical Research Letters. 2010. Vol. 37. P. L22405. https://doi.org/10.1029/2010GL045059Schneider P, Hook SJ. Space observations of inland water bodies show rapid surface warming since 1985. Geophysical Research Letters. 2010;37(22): L22405. https://doi.org/10.1029/2010GL045059O’Reilly C.M., Sharma S., Gray D.K., et al. Rapid and highly variable warming of lake surface waters around the globe // Geophysical Research Letters. 2015. Vol. 42, No. 24. P. 10773–10781. EDN WOYONH. https://doi.org/10.1002/2015GL066235O’Reilly CM, Sharma S, Gray DK, et al. Rapid and highly variable warming of lake surface waters around the globe. Geophysical Research Letters. 2015;42(24):10773–10781. https://doi.org/10.1002/2015GL066235Woolway R.I., Sharma S., Weyhenmeyer G.A., et al. Phenological shifts in lake stratification under climate change // Nature Communications. 2021. Vol. 12. 2318. EDN XGZONB. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-22657-4Woolway RI, Sharma S, Weyhenmeyer GA, et al. Phenological shifts in lake stratification under climate change. Nature Communications. 2021;12(1):2318. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-22657-4Kraemer B.M., Anneville O., Chandra S. et al. Morphometry and average temperature affect lake stratification responses to climate change // Geophysical Research Letters. 2015. No. 42. P. 4981–4988. EDN VFRRDV. https://doi.org/10.1002/2015GL064097Kraemer BM, Anneville O, Chandra S, et al. Morphometry and average temperature affect lake stratification responses to climate change. Geophysical Research Letters. 2015;42(12):4981–4988. https://doi.org/10.1002/2015GL064097Fang X., Stefan H.G. Simulations of climate effects on water temperature, dissolved oxygen, and ice and snow covers in lakes of the contiguous United States under past and future climate scenarios // Limnology and Oceanography. 2009. No. 54. P. 2359–2370. https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2009.54.6_part_2.2359Fang X, Stefan HG. Simulations of climate effects on water temperature, dissolved oxygen, and ice and snow covers in lakes of the contiguous United States under past and future climate scenarios. Limnology and Oceanography. 2009;54(6, part 2):2359–2370. https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2009.54.6_part_2.2359Butcher J.B., Nover D., Johnson T.E., et al. Sensitivity of lake thermal and mixing dynamics to climate change // Climatic Change. 2015. No. 129. P. 295–305. EDN UQGUHF. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-015-1326-1Butcher JB, Nover D, Johnson TE, et al. Sensitivity of lake thermal and mixing dynamics to climate change. Climatic Change. 2015;129(1–2):295–305. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-015-1326-1Austin J.A. What controls the onset of winter stratification in a deep, dimictic lake? // Limnology and Oceanography. 2024. Vol. 69. P. 2791–2800. EDN UAAXOB. https://doi.org/10.1002/lno.12704Austin JA. What controls the onset of winter stratification in a deep, dimictic lake? Limnology and Oceanography. 2024;69(12):2791–2800. https://doi.org/10.1002/lno.12704Livingstone D.M. Temporal structure in the deep-water temperature of four Swiss lakes: A short-term climatic change indicator? // Verhandlungen des Internationalen Verein Limnologie. 1993. Vol. 25. P. 75–81.Livingstone DM. Temporal structure in the deep-water temperature of four Swiss lakes: A short-term climatic change indicator? Verhandlungen des Internationalen Vereins für Limnologie. 1993;25:75–81.Науменко М.А., Гузиватый В.В. Методические подходы и результаты анализа климатического сезонного хода параметров устойчивой стратификации димиктического озера (на примере центральной части Ладожского озера) // Известия Российской академии наук. Физика атмосферы и океана. 2022. Т. 58, № 1. С. 52–62. EDN JBDDAL. https://doi.org/10.31857/S0002351522010102Naumenko MA, Guzivaty VV. Methodological approaches and results of an analysis of the climatic seasonal course of stable stratification parameters of a dimictic lake (case study of the central part of Lake Ladoga). Izvestiya, Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics. 2022;58(1):44–53. https://doi.org/10.1134/S0001433822010108Naumenko M., Guzivaty V. Seasonal Evolution of Stable Thermal Stratification in Central Area of Lake Ladoga // Limnological Review. 2023. Vol. 23, No. 3. P. 177–189. EDN UDPBJI. https://doi.org/10.3390/limnolrev23030011Naumenko M, Guzivaty V. Seasonal evolution of stable thermal stratification in central area of Lake Ladoga. Limnological Review. 2023;23(3):177–189. https://doi.org/10.3390/limnolrev23030011Jansen J., MacIntyre S., Barrett D.C., et al. Winter limnology: How do hydrodynamics and biogeochemistry shape ecosystems under ice? // Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences. 2021. 126. e2020JG006237. EDN LMRTBN. https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JG006237Jansen J, MacIntyre S, Barrett DC, et al. Winter limnology: How do hydrodynamics and biogeochemistry shape ecosystems under ice? Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences. 2021;126(4): e2020JG006237. https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JG006237Titze D., Austin J. Winter thermal structure of Lake Superior // Limnology and Oceanography. 2014. Vol. 59, No. 4. P. 1336–1348. EDN UTQMRF. https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2014.59.4.1336Titze D, Austin J. Winter thermal structure of Lake Superior. Limnology and Oceanography. 2014;59(4):1336–1348. https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2014.59.4.1336Salonen K., Pulkkanen M., Salmi P., Griffiths R.W. Interannual variability of circulation under spring ice in a boreal lake // Limnology and Oceanography. 2014. Vol. 59, No. 6. P. 2121–2132. EDN URYVHF. https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2014.59.6.2121Salonen K, Pulkkanen M, Salmi P, Griffiths RW. Interannual variability of circulation under spring ice in a boreal lake. Limnology and Oceanography. 2014;59(6):2121–2132. https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2014.59.6.2121Anderson E.J., Stow C.A., Gronewold A.D., et al. Seasonal overturn and stratification changes drive deep-water warming in one of Earth’s largest lakes // Nature Communications. 2021. No. 12. 1688 p. EDN GNMQDB. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-21971-1Anderson EJ, Stow CA, Gronewold AD, et al. Seasonal overturn and stratification changes drive deep-water warming in one of Earth’s largest lakes. Nature Communications. 2021;12(1):1688. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-21971-1Ambrosetti W., Barbanti L. Deep water warming in lakes: an indicator of climatic change // Journal of Limnology. 1999. 58 (1). P. 1–9. https://doi.org/10.4081/jlimnol.1999.1Ambrosetti W, Barbanti L. Deep water warming in lakes: an indicator of climatic change. Journal of Limnology. 1999;58(1):1–9. https://doi.org/10.4081/jlimnol.1999.1Дучков А.Д., Казанцев С.А. Результаты изучения теплового потока через дно озер // Теоретические и экспериментальные исследования по геотермике морей и океанов. М.: Наука, 1984. С. 104–113.Duchkov AD, Kazancev SA. Results of the study of heat flow through the bottom of lakes. In: Theoretical and experimental studies on geothermics of seas and oceans. Moscow: Nauka; 1984:104–113. (In Russ).Тихомиров А.И. Температурный режим и запасы тепла Ладожского озера // Тепловой режим Ладожского озера. Л.: Издательство Ленинградского университета. 1966. C. 144–217.Tikhomirov AI. Temperature regime and heat contents of Lake Ladoga. In: Thermal regime of Lake Ladoga. Leningrad: Izdatel’stvo Leningradskogo universiteta; 1966:144–217. (In Russ).Ладожское озеро и достопримечательности его побережья. Атлас / Под ред. Румянцева В.А. СПб.: Нестор-История, 2015. 200 с.Lake Ladoga and sights of its coast. Atlas. Rumyantsev VA, editor. St Petersburg: Nestor-History; 2015. 200 p. (In Russ).Науменко М.А., Каретников С.Г., Гузиватый В.В. Пространственно-временная термическая дифференциация вод Ладожского озера // Доклады РАН. 2000. Т. 373, № 2. С. 247–250. EDN MUCREVNaumenko MA, Karetnikov SG, Guzivaty VV. Spatiotemporal thermal differentiation of the Lake Ladoga water. Doklady Earth Sciences. 2000;373A(9):923–926.Деньгина Р.С. Сезонная динамика зоопланктона в глубоководной части Ладожского озера. В сб.: Элементы режима Ладожского озера. М.–Л.: Наука, 1964. С. 80–107.Dengina RS. Seasonal dynamic of zooplankton in deep part of the Lake Ladoga. In: Regime elements of the Lake Ladoga. Moscow-Leningrad: Nauka; 1964:80–107. (In Russ).Науменко М.А. Анализ морфометрических характеристик подводного рельефа Ладожского озера на основе цифровой модели // Известия РАН. Серия географическая. 2013. № 1. C. 62–72. EDN PUWVHJNaumenko MA. Analysis of morphometric characteristics of bottom relief of Lake Ladoga on the basis of the digital model. Izvestiya Rossiiskoi Akademii Nauk. Seriya Geograficheskaya. 2013;(1):62–72. (In Russ).Гузиватый В.В., Каретников С.Г., Науменко М.А. Опыт создания и использования банка термических данных Ладожского озера // География и природные ресурсы. 1998. № 3. С. 89–96. EDN IBWWHXGuzivaty VV, Karetnikov SG, Naumenko MA. Experience of creation and use of the thermal data bank of Lake Ladoga. Geografia i Prirodnye Resursy. 1998;(3):89–96. (In Russ).Jones I., Sahlberg J., Persson I. Modelling the Impact of Climate Change on the Thermal Characteristics of Lakes / In: George G. (eds) The Impact of Climate Change on European Lakes. Aquatic Ecology Series. Dordrecht. Springer, 2010. Vol. 4. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-2945-4_7Jones I, Sahlberg J, Persson I. Modelling the impact of climate change on the thermal characteristics of lakes. In: George G, editor. The Impact of Climate Change on European Lakes. Aquatic Ecology Series, vol 4. Dordrecht: Springer; 2010. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-2945-4_7Ye X., Anderson E.J., Chu P.Y., Huang C., Xue P. Impact of Water Mixing and Ice Formation on the Warming of Lake Superior: A Model-guided Mechanism Study // Limnology and Oceanography. 2019. Vol. 64. P. 558–574. EDN QZUYDO. https://doi.org/10.1002/lno.11059Ye X, Anderson EJ, Chu PY, Huang C, Xue P. Impact of water mixing and ice formation on the warming of Lake Superior: A model-guided mechanism study. Limnology and Oceanography. 2019;64(2):558–574. https://doi.org/10.1002/lno.11059Kirillin G., Aslamov I., Leppäranta M., Lindgren E. Turbulent mixing and heat fluxes under lake ice: The role of seiche oscillations // Hydrology and Earth System Sciences. 2018. Vol. 22. P. 6493–504. EDN CAKJZM. https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-6493-2018Kirillin G, Aslamov I, Leppäranta M, Lindgren E. Turbulent mixing and heat fluxes under lake ice: The role of seiche oscillations. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences. 2018;22(12):6493–6504. https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-6493-2018Austin J.A. Observations of radiatively driven convection in a deep lake // Limnology and Oceanography. 2019. Vol. 64. P. 2152–2160. EDN DJUVEE. https://doi.org/10.1002/lno.11175Austin JA. Observations of radiatively driven convection in a deep lake. Limnology and Oceanography. 2019;64(5):2152– 2160. https://doi.org/10.1002/lno.11175Здоровеннова Г.Э., Здоровеннов Р.Э., Пальшин Н.И., Ефремова Т.В. Сезонная и межгодовая изменчивость температуры воды в Петрозаводской губе Онежского озера // Известия Русского географического общества. 2023. Т. 155, № 3–4. С. 47–61. EDN RRKKBK. https://doi.org/10.31857/S0869607123030126Zdorovennova GE, Zdorovennov RE, Palshin NI, Efremova TV. Seasonal and inter-annual variability of water temperature in Petrozavodsk Bay of Lake Onega. Bulletin of the Russian Geographical Society. 2023;155(3–4):47–61. https://doi.org/10.31857/S0869607123030126 (In Russ).Тихомиров А.И. Термика крупных озер. Л.: Наука, 1982. 232 c.Tikhomirov AI. Thermic state of large lakes. Leningrad: Nauka; 1982. 232 p. (In Russ).Чубаренко И.П. Горизонтальная конвекция над подводными склонами / Калининград: Терра Балтика, 2010. 256 c. EDN UBCINFChubarenko IP. Horizontal convection over underwater slopes. Kaliningrad: Terra Baltica; 2010. 256 p. (In Russ).Науменко М.А. Особенности климатических соотношений температуры поверхности воды и приводного слоя воздуха в период весеннего прогрева Ладожского озера // Фундаментальная и прикладная гидрофизика. 2021. Т. 14, № 2. С. 78–88. URL: https://hydrophysics.spbrc.ru/jour/article/view/80 (дата обращения: 20.03.2025). EDN SIZOND. https://doi.org/10.7868/S2073667321020076Naumenko MA. Features of climatic relationships between surface water-air temperature during vernal heating period in Lake Ladoga. Fundamental and Applied Hydrophysics. 2021;14(2):78–88. URL: https://hydrophysics.spbrc.ru/jour/ article/view/80 (date of access: 20.03.2025). https://doi.org/10.7868/S2073667321020076 (In Russ).Hughes K.S., Forrest A.L., Cortés A., Bombardelli F.A. Transitional circulation patterns from full ice cover to ice-off in a seasonally ice-covered lake // Aquatic Sciences. 2024. 86. 40. EDN GRMDEW. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00027-024-01044-3Hughes KS, Forrest AL, Cortés A, Bombardelli FA. Transitional circulation patterns from full ice cover to ice-off in a seasonally ice-covered lake. Aquatic Sciences. 2024;86(2):40. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00027-024-01044-3Kirillin G., Leppäranta M., Terzhevik A., et al. Physics of seasonally ice-covered lakes: a review // Aquatic Sciences. 2012. Vol. 74. P. 659–682. EDN RGOEET. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00027-012-0279-yKirillin G, Leppäranta M, Terzhevik A, et al. Physics of seasonally ice-covered lakes: a review. Aquatic Sciences. 2012;74(4):659–682. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00027-012-0279-yMironov D., Terzhevik A., Kirillin G., et al. Radiatively driven convection in ice-covered lakes: Observations, scaling, and a mixed layer model // Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans. 2002. Vol. 107, No. 4. EDN GWPPZP. https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JC000892Mironov D, Terzhevik A, Kirillin G, et al. Radiatively driven convection in ice-covered lakes: Observations, scaling, and a mixed layer model. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans. 2002;107(C4):3032. https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JC000892Lemmin U. Insights into the dynamics of the deep hypolimnion of Lake Geneva as revealed by long-term temperature, oxygen, and current measurements // Limnology and Oceanography. 2020. Vol. 65. P. 2092–2107. EDN CQSMAX. https://doi.org/10.1002/lno.11441Lemmin U. Insights into the dynamics of the deep hypolimnion of Lake Geneva as revealed by long-term temperature, oxygen, and current measurements. Limnology and Oceanography. 2020;65(9):2092–2107. https://doi.org/10.1002/lno.11441Yang B., Young J., Brown L., Wells M. High-frequency observations of temperature and dissolved oxygen reveal under-ice convection in a large lake // Geophysical Research Letters. 2017. Vol. 44, P. 12218–12226. EDN YENAVF. https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GL075373Yang B, Young J, Brown L, Wells M. High-frequency observations of temperature and dissolved oxygen reveal under-ice convection in a large lake. Geophysical Research Letters. 2017;44(24):12218–12226. https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GL075373

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.