<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">hydrophysics</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Фундаментальная и прикладная гидрофизика</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Fundamental and Applied Hydrophysics</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2073-6673</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2782-5221</issn><publisher><publisher-name>St. Petersburg Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.59887/2073-6673.2025.18(3)-10</article-id><article-id custom-type="edn" pub-id-type="custom">WWSWZV</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">hydrophysics-1454</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ИСТОРИЯ НАУКИ И ТЕХНИКИ В ОБЛАСТИ ГИДРОФИЗИКИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>THE HISTORY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNICS IN HYDROPHYSICS</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Вадим Тимофеевич Пака и его изобретения</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Vadim Paka and His Inventions</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9013-3234</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Журбас</surname><given-names>В. М.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Zhurbas</surname><given-names>V. M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>ЖУРБАС Виктор Михайлович, главный научный сотрудник, заведующий лабораторией морской турбулентности, доктор физико-математических наук</p><p>Scopus AuthorID: 6603968937</p><p>WoS ResearcherID: A‑7341–2009</p><p>117997, Москва, Нахимовский проспект, д.36</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>36 Nakhimovsky Prosp., Moscow 117997</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">victor.zhurbas@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru">Институт океанологии им. П.П. Ширшова РАН<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Shirshov Institute of Oceanology, Russian Academy of Sciences<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>06</day><month>10</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>18</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>129</fpage><lpage>138</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Журбас В.М., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Журбас В.М.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Zhurbas V.M.</copyright-holder><license license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://hydrophysics.spbrc.ru/jour/article/view/1454">https://hydrophysics.spbrc.ru/jour/article/view/1454</self-uri><abstract><p>Дается обзор основных инноваций, которые были разработаны и внедрены в практику натурных гидрофизических измерений в океане Вадимом Тимофеевичем Пакой. Среди них термокоса, термотрал, слабо-привязной микроструктурный зонд «Баклан», ундулирующий буксируемый тонкоструктурный комплекс «Рыбка» с управлением ундуляциями с помощью высокоскоростной лебедки и измеритель скорости течения по углам наклонения тела с положительной плавучестью, подвешенного в набегающем потоке (TCM). Особое внимание уделяется зонду «Баклан» и комплексу «Рыбка», так как именно они оказали наибольшее влияние на развитие современных методов натурных измерений в океане и имели наибольшее число последователей. Генеральной идеей зонда «Баклан» было квази-свободное погружение носителя датчиков турбулентности на гибком, ненагруженном, свободно стравливаемом кабеле с около-нейтральной плавучестью. Это позволило оперативно производить многократные измерения турбулентности в верхнем слое океана при низком уровне шумов, что было невозможным при использовании как обычных кабельных зондов, так и автономных свободно-падающих зондов. Представлена история развития идей В.Т. Паки, заложенных в основу «Баклана» и «Рыбки», и их реализации в «железе». Дается сравнение «Баклана» и «Рыбки» с существующими измерительными системами, такими как MSS Profiler и SeaSoar.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The article provides an overview of the main innovations that were developed and implemented in the practice of in situ hydrophysical measurements in the ocean by Vadim Timofeevich Paka. Among them are the thermochain, the thermotrawl, the loosely tethered microstructure probe “Baklan”, the undulating towed fine-structure system “Rybka” with undulation control by a high-speed winch, and the current velocity meter based on the inclination angles of a body with positive buoyancy suspended in the oncoming flow (Tilt Current Meter — TCM). Special attention is paid to the “Baklan” probe and the “Rybka” system, since they had the greatest influence on the development of modern methods of in situ measurements in the ocean and had the largest number of followers. The general idea of the “Baklan” probe was a quasi-free immersion of the carrier of turbulence sensors on a flexible, unloaded, free-falling cable with near-neutral buoyancy. This made it possible to quickly perform multiple measurements of turbulence in the upper layer of the ocean at a low level of noise, which was impossible when using both ordinary cable probes and autonomous free-falling probes. The article presents the history of the development of V.T. Paka’s ideas, which formed the basis of “Baklan” and “Rybka”, and their implementation in hardware. A comparison of “Baklan” and “Rybka” with existing measurement systems such as MSS Profiler and SeaSoar is given.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>контактные гидрофизические измерения в океане</kwd><kwd>мелкомасштабная турбулентность</kwd><kwd>флуктуации скорости течения воды</kwd><kwd>тонкая термохалинная структура</kwd><kwd>автоколебания</kwd><kwd>термокоса</kwd><kwd>термотрал</kwd><kwd>слабо-привязной микроструктурный зонд «Баклан»</kwd><kwd>ундулирующий буксируемый тонкоструктурный комплекс «Рыбка»</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>in situ hydrophysical measurements in the ocean</kwd><kwd>small-scale turbulence</kwd><kwd>fluctuations in water flow velocity</kwd><kwd>fine thermohaline structure</kwd><kwd>self-oscillations</kwd><kwd>thermochain</kwd><kwd>thermotrawl</kwd><kwd>loosely tethered microstructure probe “Baklan”</kwd><kwd>undulating towed fine-structure system “Rybka”</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group xml:lang="ru"><funding-statement>Работа выполнена в рамках государственного задания Института океанологии им. П.П. Ширшова РАН (тема FMWE‑2024-0015).</funding-statement></funding-group><funding-group xml:lang="en"><funding-statement>The work was carried out as part of the state assignment of the P.P. Shirshov Institute of Oceanology of the Russian Academy of Sciences (topic FMWE‑2024-0015).</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Paka V., Nabatov V., Lozovatsky I., Dillon T. Oceanic microstructure measurements by BAKLAN and GRIF // Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology. 1999. Vol. 16. P. 1519–1532. EDN LFIEPV. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0426(1999)0162.0.CO;2</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Paka V, Nabatov V, Lozovatsky I, Dillon T. Oceanic microstructure measurements by BAKLAN and GRIF. Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology. 1999;16:1519–1532. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0426(1999)0162.0.CO;2</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Пака В.Т. Термохалинная структура воды на поперечных разрезах в Слупском желобе Балтийского моря весной 1993 г. // Океанология. 1996. Т. 36, № 2. С. 188–198.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Paka VT. Thermohaline structure of the water on cross sections in the Slupsk Channel of the Baltic Sea in spring of 1993. Oceanology. 1996;36(2):188–198.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhurbas V.M., Paka V.T. What drives thermohaline intrusions in the Baltic Sea? // Journal of Marine Systems. 1999. Vol. 21. P. 229–241. EDN LFSRWV. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0924-7963(99)00016-0</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhurbas VM, Paka VT. What drives thermohaline intrusions in the Baltic Sea? Journal of Marine Systems. 1999;21:229– 241. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0924-7963(99)00016-0</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Paka V.T., Zhurbas V.M., Golenko M.N. et al. Innovative Closely Spaced Profiling and Current Velocity Measurements in the Southern Baltic Sea in 2016–2018 With Special Reference to the Bottom Layer // Frontiers Earth Sciences. 2019. Vol. 7, N 111. EDN OMLAOA. http://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2019.00111</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Paka VT, Zhurbas VM, Golenko MN, et al. Innovative Closely Spaced Profiling and Current Velocity Measurements in the Southern Baltic Sea in 2016–2018 With Special Reference to the Bottom Layer. Frontiers Earth Sciences. 2019;7:111. http://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2019.00111</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Prandke H., Stips A. Free sinking probe for horizontal coherence investigation of microstructure // Beiträge zur Meereskunde. 1985. Vol. 53. P. 69–70.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Prandke H, Stips A. Free sinking probe for horizontal coherence investigation of microstructure. Beiträge zur Meereskunde. 1985;53:69–70.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Prandke H., Holtsch K., Stips A. MITEC technology development: The microstructure/turbulence measuring system MSS // European Communities, JRC, Space Applications Institute, Technical Report. 2000. URL: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/357913165_MITEC_technology_development_The_microstructureturbulence_measuring_system_MSS</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Prandke H, Holtsch K, Stips A. MITEC technology development: The microstructure/turbulence measuring system MSS. European Communities, JRC, Space Applications Institute, Technical Report. 2000. URL: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/357913165_MITEC_technology_development_The_microstructureturbulence_measuring_system_MSS</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Paka V., Zhurbas V., Rudels B. et al. Microstructure measurements and estimates of entrainment in the Denmark Strait overflow plum // Ocean Science. 2013. Vol. 9. P. 1003–1014. EDN QPIKCA. http://doi.org/10.5194/os9-1003-2013</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Paka V, Zhurbas V, Rudels B, et al. Microstructure measurements and estimates of entrainment in the Denmark Strait overflow plum. Ocean Science. 2013;9:1003–1014. http://doi.org/10.5194/os9-1003-2013</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Пака В.Т., Руделс Б., Куадфайзел Д., Журбас В.М. Измерения турбулентности в зоне сильных придонных течений в Датском проливе // Доклады академии наук. 2010. Vol. 432, N 1. P. 110–114. EDN LTWZRZ.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Paka VT, Rudels B, Quadfasel D, Zhurbas VM. Measurements of Turbulence in the Zone of Strong Bottom Currents in the Strait of Denmark. Doklady Earth Sciences. 2010;432(1):613–617. https://doi.org/10.1134/S1028334X10050144</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
