<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">hydrophysics</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Фундаментальная и прикладная гидрофизика</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Fundamental and Applied Hydrophysics</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2073-6673</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2782-5221</issn><publisher><publisher-name>St. Petersburg Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.7868/S2073667321040080</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">hydrophysics-135</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ТЕХНИЧЕСКАЯ ГИДРОФИЗИКА</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>TECHNICAL HYDROPHYSICS</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Восстановление характеристик ветровых волн в Атлантике по данным судовой стереосъемки</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Retrieval of wind-driven waves in the Atlantic Ocean by stereo imagery</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Богатов</surname><given-names>Н. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Bogatov</surname><given-names>N. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>603950, ул. Ульянова, д. 46, г. Нижний Новгород</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>603950, Ulyanov Str., 46, Nizhny Novgorod</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мольков</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Molkov</surname><given-names>A. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>603950, ул. Ульянова, д. 46, г. Нижний Новгород</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>603950, Ulyanov Str., 46, Nizhny Novgorod</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">a.molkov@inbox.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Институт прикладной физики РАН</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Institute of Applied Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2021</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>14</day><month>12</month><year>2021</year></pub-date><volume>14</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>90</fpage><lpage>97</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Богатов Н.А., Мольков А.А., 2021</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2021</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Богатов Н.А., Мольков А.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Bogatov N.A., Molkov A.A.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://hydrophysics.spbrc.ru/jour/article/view/135">https://hydrophysics.spbrc.ru/jour/article/view/135</self-uri><abstract><p>Стереосъемка взволнованной водной поверхности — один из наиболее результативных инструментов дистанционной оценки характеристик взволнованной поверхности. Как правило, этот метод реализуется с палуб стационарных океанографических платформ или береговых сооружений посредством двух или более откалиброванных камер. От качества калибровки камер, традиционно реализуемой путем фотосъемки тест-объекта (шахматной доски) с разных ракурсов, напрямую зависит точность восстанавливаемой по стереопарам топографии объекта. При отлаженной процедуре восстановления морской поверхности по данным калиброванной стереосистемы, значительный интерес представляет получение данных с близкой точностью с помощью некалиброванных систем. Исследованию этого вопроса на примере судовой стереосъемки в Атлантике посвящена настоящая работа. Рассматривается процесс обработки изображений с некалиброванных камер, приводятся результаты восстановления рельефов морской поверхности и пространственных спектров ветровых волн при нескольких скоростях ветра, а также анализируется практическая применимость некалиброванных систем.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Stereo imagery of the roughness sea surface is one of the most effective tools for remote sensing wave characteristics. Typically, this method is implemented from the decks of fixed oceanographic platforms or onshore structures using two or more calibrated cameras. The topography accuracy from stereopairs directly depends on the quality of camera calibration. With a well-functioning procedure for reconstructing the sea surface from the data of a calibrated stereo system, considerable interest is associated with data obtaining with close accuracy using uncalibrated systems. This work is devoted to the study of this issue using the example of ship stereo survey in the Atlantic. The paper considers the process of image processing from uncalibrated cameras, presents the results of reconstructing the sea surface reliefs at several wind speeds and spatial spectra of long surface waves, and analyzes the practical applicability of uncalibrated systems.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>дистанционное зондирование</kwd><kwd>стереосъемка морской поверхности</kwd><kwd>калибровка стереоизображений</kwd><kwd>рельеф морской поверхности</kwd><kwd>ветровое волнение</kwd><kwd>спектр волнения</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>remote sensing</kwd><kwd>stereo vision</kwd><kwd>sea surface stereo image</kwd><kwd>sea roughness</kwd><kwd>wind driven waves</kwd><kwd>wave spectra</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Работа выполнена в рамках проекта РНФ № 20–77–10081.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Schumacher A., Defant A. Stereophotogrammetrische wellenaufnahmen, Volume 7. W. de Gruyter: Hamburg, Germany, 1939. 86 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Schumacher A., Defant A. Stereophotogrammetrische Wellenaufnahmen, Volume 7. W. de Gruyter: Hamburg, Germany, 1939, 86 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Лобанов А.Н. Фотограмметрия. М.: Недра, 1984. 552 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lobanov A.N. Fotogrammetriya. Moscow, Nedra, 1984, 552 p. (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hartley R., Zisserman A. Multiple view geometry in computer vision. Cambridge University Press, 2004. 700 p. doi: 10.1017/CBO9780511811685</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hartley R., Zisserman A. Multiple View Geometry in Computer Vision. Cambridge University Press, 2004, 700 p. doi: 10.1017/CBO9780511811685</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Shapiro L.G., Stockman G.C. Computer Vision. 3-ed edition. Prentice Hall: New Jersey, 2015. 763 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shapiro L.G., Stockman G.C. Computer Vision. 3-ed edition. Prentice Hall, New Jersey, 2015, 763 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Prince S.J.D. Computer vision: models, learning, and inference. Cambridge University Press, 2012. 600 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Prince S.J.D. Computer Vision: Models, Learning, and Inference. Cambridge University Press, 2012, 600 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Holthuijsen L.H. Observations of the directional distribution of ocean wave energy // J Phys Oceanogr. 1983. V. 13. P. 816–827. doi: 10.1175/1520–0485(1983)013&lt;0191:OOTDDO&gt;2.0.CO;2</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Holthuijsen L.H. Observations of the directional distribution of ocean wave energy. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 1983, 13, 816– 827. doi: 10.1175/1520–0485(1983)013&lt;0191:OOTDDO&gt;2.0.CO;2</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Barstow S.F., Bidlot J.-R., Caires S., Donelan M.A., Drennan W.M. et al. Measuring and analysing the directional spectrum of ocean waves. COST 714. COST Office, 2005. 465 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Barstow S.F., Bidlot J.-R., Caires S., Donelan M.A., Drennan W.M. et al. Measuring and analysing the directional spectrum of ocean waves. COST 714. COST Office, 2005. 465 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Benetazzo A., Fedele F., Gallego G., Shih P.-C., Yezzi A. Offshore stereo measurements of gravity waves // Coast Eng. 2012. V. 64. P. 127–138. doi: 10.1016/j.coastaleng.2012.01.007</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Benetazzo A., Fedele F., Gallego G., Shih P.-C., Yezzi A. Offshore stereo measurements of gravity waves. Coast. Eng. 2012, 64, 127–138. doi: 10.1016/j.coastaleng.2012.01.007</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Guimaraes P.V., Ardhuin F., Bergamasco F., Leckler F., Filipot J.-F., Shim J.-S., Dulov V., Benetazzo A. A data set of sea surface stereo images to resolve space-time wave fields // Sci Data. 2020. V. 7. P. 145. doi: 10.1038/s41597–020–0492–9</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Guimaraes P.V., Ardhuin F., Bergamasco F., Leckler F., Filipot J.-F., Shim J.-S., Dulov V., Benetazzo A. A data set of sea surface stereo images to resolve space-time wave fields. Sci. Data. 2020, 7, 145. doi: 10.1038/s41597–020–0492–9</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Shemdin O.H., Tran H.M., Wu S.C. Directional measurements of short ocean waves with stereography // J. Geophys. Res. 1988. V. 93. P. 13891–13901.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shemdin O.H., Tran H.M., Wu S.C. Directional measurements of short ocean waves with stereography. J. Geophys. Res. 1988, 93, 13891–13901.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Banner M.L., Jones S.F., Trinder J.C. Wavenumber spectra of short gravity waves // J. Fluid Mech. 1989. V. 198. P. 321– 344. doi: 10.1017/S0022112089000157</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Banner M.L., Jones S.F., Trinder J.C. Wavenumber spectra of short gravity waves. J. Fluid. Mech. 1989, 198, 321–344. doi: 10.1017/S0022112089000157</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Shemdin O.H., Tran H.M. Measuring short surface waves with stereography // Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens. 1992. V. 58. P. 311–316.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shemdin O.H., Tran H.M. Measuring short surface waves with stereography. Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens. 1992, 58, 311–316.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Benetazzo А. Measurements of short water waves using stereo matched image sequences // Coastal Engineering. 2006. V. 53, N 12. P. 1013–1032. doi: 10.1016/j.coastaleng.2006.06.012</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Benetazzo А. Measurements of short water waves using stereo matched image sequences. Coastal Engineering. 2006, 53(12), 1013–1032. doi: 10.1016/j.coastaleng.2006.06.012</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Косник М.В., Дулов В.А., Малиновский В.В., Смолов В.Е., Погребной А.Е. Оценка двумерных пространственных спектров коротких волн с помощью стереофотосъемки // Экологическая безопасность прибрежной и шельфовой зон и комплексное использование ресурсов шельфа. 2009. № 19. С. 401–414.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kosnik M.V., Dulov V.A., Malinovskij V.V., Smolov V.E., Pogrebnoj A.E. Estimation of two-dimensional spatial spectra of short waves using stereo photography. Ekologicheskaya Bezopasnost’ Pribrezhnoj i Shel’fovoj Zon i Kompleksnoe Ispol’zovaniye Resursov Shel’fa. 2009, 19, 401–414 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Косник М.В., Дулов В.А. Двумерные пространственные спектры коротких ветровых волн в натурных условиях // Экологическая безопасность прибрежной и шельфовой зон и комплексное использование ресурсов шельфа. 2010. № 21. С. 103–116.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kosnik M.V., Dulov V.A. Two-dimensional spatial spectra of short wind waves in natural conditions. Ekologicheskaya Bezopasnost’ Pribrezhnoj i Shel’fovoj Zon i Kompleksnoe Ispol’zovaniye Resursov Shel’fa. 2010, 21, 103–116.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yurovskaya M.V., Dulov V.A., Chapron B., Kudryavtsev V.N. Directional short wind wave spectra derived from the sea surface photography // J. Geophys. Res. 2013. V. 118, N 9. P. 4380–4394.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yurovskaya M.V., Dulov V.A., Chapron B., Kudryavtsev V.N. Directional short wind wave spectra derived from the sea surface photography. J. Geophys. Res. 2013, 118 (9), 4380–4394. doi: 10.1002/jgrc.20296</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Баханов В.В., Демакова А.А., Кориненко А.Е., Рябкова М.С., Титов В.И. Оценка спектров ветровых волн с длинами волн от сантиметров до метра по изображениям поверхности моря // Морской гидрофизический журнал. 2018. Т. 34, № 3. С. 192–205. doi: 10.22449/0233–7584–2018–3–192–205</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bakhanov V.V., Demakova A.A., Korinenko A.E., Ryabkova M.S., Titov V.I. Estimation of the wind wave spectra with centimeters-to-meter lengths by the sea surface images. Phys. Oceanogr. 2018, 25(3), 177–190. doi: 10.22449/1573–160X-2018–3–177–190</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jähne B., Schmidt M., Rocholz R. Combined optical slope/height measurements of short wind waves: principle and calibration // Measurement Science and Technology. 2005. V. 16, N10. P. 1937–1944. doi: 10.1088/0957–0233/16/10/008</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jähne B., Schmidt M., Rocholz R. Combined optical slope/height measurements of short wind waves: principle and calibration. Measurement Science and Technology. 2005, 16 (10), 1937–1944. doi: 10.1088/0957–0233/16/10/008</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Мольков А.А., Долин Л.С. Определение характеристик ветрового волнения по подводному изображению морской поверхности // Изв. РАН. Физика атмосферы и океана. 2012. Т. 48, № 5. С. 617–630.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Molkov A.A., Dolin L.S. Determination of wind roughness characteristics based on an underwater image of the sea surface. Izvestiya. Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics. 2012, 48, 552–564.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jähne B., Klinke J., Waas S. Imaging of short ocean wind waves: a critical theoretical review // J. Opt. Soc. Am. A. 1994. V. 11. P. 2197–2209. doi: 10.1364/JOSAA.11.002197</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jähne B., Klinke J., Waas S. Imaging of short ocean wind waves: a critical theoretical review. J. Opt. Soc. Am. A. 1994, 11, 2197–2209. doi: 10.1364/JOSAA.11.002197</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Campbell A.J., Bechle A.J., Wu C.H. Observations of surface waves interacting with ice using stereoimaging // J. Geophys. Res. Oceans. 2014. V. 119. P. 3266–3284. doi: 10.1002/2014JC009894</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Campbell A.J., Bechle A.J., Wu C.H. Observations of surfacewaves interacting with ice using stereoimaging. J. Geophys. Res. Oceans. 2014, 119, 3266–3284. doi: 10.1002/2014JC009894</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Guimarães P.V., Ardhuin F., Sutherland P., Accensi M., Hamon M., Pérignon Y., Thomson J., Benetazzo A., Ferrant P. A surface kinematics buoy (SKIB) for wave–current interaction studies // Ocean Sci. 2018. V. 14. P. 1449–1460. doi: 10.5194/os-14–1449–2018</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Guimarães P.V., Ardhuin F., Sutherland P., Accensi M., Hamon M., Pérignon Y., Thomson J., Benetazzo A., Ferrant P. A surface kinematics buoy (SKIB) for wave–current interaction studies. Ocean Sci. 2018, 14, 1449–1460. doi: 10.5194/os-14–1449–2018</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Benetazzo A., Barbariol F., Bergamasco F., Torsellob A., Carniela S., Sclavo M.A. Stereo wave imaging from moving vessels: Practical use and applications // Coast. Eng. 2016. V. 109. P. 114–127. doi: 10.1016/j.coastaleng.2015.12.008</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Benetazzo A., Barbariol F., Bergamasco F., Torsellob A., Carniela S., Sclavo M.A. Stereo wave imaging from moving vessels: Practical use and applications. Coast. Eng. 2016, 109, 114–127. doi: 10.1016/j.coastaleng.2015.12.008</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ma Y., Soatto S., Kosecka J., Shankar Sastry S. An invitation to 3-D vision: from images to geometric models. Springer-Verlag New York, 2004. doi: 10.1111/j.0031–868x.2004.295_2.x</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ma Y., Soatto S., Kosecka J., Shankar Sastry S. An invitation to 3-D vision: from images to geometric models. Springer-Verlag New York, 2004. doi: 10.1111/j.0031–868x.2004.295_2.x</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Open Source Computer Vision Library (OpenCV) URL: http://opencv.org/ (дата обращения: 24.04.2021).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Open Source Computer Vision Library (OpenCV) URL: http://opencv.org/ (date of access: 24.04.2021).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">MathWorks Computer Vision Toolbox. URL: https://www.mathworks.com/products/computer-vision.html (дата обращения: 24.04.2021).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">MathWorks Computer Vision Toolbox. URL: https://www.mathworks.com/products/computer-vision.html (date of access: 24.04.2021).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Elfouhaily T., Chapron B., Katsaros K., Vandemark D. A unified directional spectrum for long and short wind-driven waves // J. Geophys. Res. 1997. V. 102, N 15. P. 781–796.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Elfouhaily T., Chapron B., Katsaros K., Vandemark D. A unified directional spectrum for long and short wind-driven waves. J. Geophys. Res. 1997, 102 (15), 781–796.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
