hydrophysicsФундаментальная и прикладная гидрофизикаFundamental and Applied Hydrophysics2073-66732782-5221St. Petersburg Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences10.59887/2073-6673.2024.17(1)-9hydrophysics-1305Research ArticleГИДРООПТИКАHYDROOPTICSМорские радиометрические лидары и их использование для решения океанологических задачMarine profiling lidars and their application for oceanological problemshttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-4555-8879ГлуховВ. А.GlukhovV. A.

Владимир Алексеевич Глухов, научный сотрудник

117997; Нахимовский пр., д. 36; Москва

WoS ResearcherID: GSD-4886–2022; Scopus Author ID: 57191414331

117997; 36 Nakhimovsky Prosp.; Moscow

WoS ResearcherID: GSD-4886–2022; Scopus Author ID: 57191414331

vl.glukhov@inbox.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-5731-5458ГольдинЮ. А.GoldinYu. A.

Юрий Анатольевич Гольдин, кандидат физико-математических наук, ведущий научный сотрудник

117997; Нахимовский пр., д. 36; Москва

Scopus Author ID: 6602648464

117997; 36 Nakhimovsky Prosp; Moscow

Scopus Author ID: 6602648464

goldin@ocean.ruИнститут океанологии им. П.П. Ширшова РАНРоссияShirshov Institute of Oceanology, Russian Academy of SciencesRussian Federation202421042024171104128Copyright © Глухов В.А., Гольдин Ю.А., 20242024Глухов В.А., Гольдин Ю.А.Glukhov V.A., Goldin Y.A.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://hydrophysics.spbrc.ru/jour/article/view/1305

   Обзор посвящен океанологическим исследованиям, выполняемым с использованием радиометрических (профилирующих) лидаров. В работе представлено современное состояние технических средств лидарной съемки, методов обработки лидарных данных, описание решаемых с помощью лидарного зондирования задач, представляющих научный и практический интерес в океанологии. Вопросы, связанные с лазерной батиметрией, спектральными лидарами, а также лидарами, устанавливаемыми на борту искусственных спутников Земли, являющиеся самостоятельными специфическими разделами, в обзоре не рассматриваются. Основное внимание уделено работам, выполненным в последние годы. Приведены сводные таблицы технических характеристик ряда наиболее интересных лидаров авиационного и судового базирования. Рассмотрены особенности их конструкций. Представлены результаты использования лидаров для определения гидрооптических характеристик приповерхностного слоя, в том числе с использованием поляризационных лидаров и активно развивающихся в последние годы лидаров высокого спектрального разрешения. Приведены результаты регистрации тонких слоев повышенного светорассеяния, наблюдаемых в разных акваториях. Даны результаты теоретических исследований по лидарным изображениям внутренних волн и экспериментальные результаты наблюдения внутренних волн в водах с различными типами стратификации гидрооптических характеристик. Рассмотрены вопросы применения лидаров для решения задач промысловой океанологии. Намечены тенденции развития и основные направления продолжения исследований.

   The review focuses on research conducted using profiling (radiometric) lidars. The paper presents the current state of lidar surveying equipment, methods for processing lidar data, and describes the problems of scientific and practical interest in oceanology that can be solved using lidar sensing. The review does not cover issues related to laser bathymetry, spectral (Raman) and spaceborne lidars, as they are separate specific fields. The main focus is on recent research in profiling lidar field. Summary tables of the technical characteristics of several of the most interesting airborne and shipborne lidars are provided. Their design features are discussed. Results from using lidars to determine near-surface hydrooptical characteristics, including employing polarization lidars and recently developed high-resolution spectral lidars, are presented. Findings from observing thin scattering layers across various aquatic regions are shown. The paper explores theoretical studies on lidar images of internal waves and experimental observations of internal waves in waters with different hydrooptical stratification. Lidars' application in addressing fisheries-related issues is examined. An overview of current development trends and future research directions is provided.

радиометрический лидарпрофилирующий лидарполяризационный лидаргидрооптические характеристикитонкие светорассеивающие слоивнутренние волныпромысловая океанологияradiometric lidarprofiling lidarpolarization lidarhydrooptical characteristicsthin scattering layersinternal wavesfisheriesРабота была выполнена в рамках государственного задания ИО РАН по теме № FMWE-2024–0028The review was conducted as part of a state assignment of the Shirshov Institute of Oceanology No. № FMWE-2024-0028ReferencesCollister B.L., Zimmerman R.C., Hill V.J. et al. Polarized lidar and ocean particles: insights from a mesoscale coccolithophore bloom // Applied Optics. 2020. Vol. 59, № 15. P. 4650–4662. doi: 10.1364/AO.389845Collister B.L., Zimmerman R.C., Hill V.J. et al. Polarized lidar and ocean particles: insights from a mesoscale coccolithophore bloom // Applied Optics. 2020. Vol. 59, № 15. P. 4650–4662. doi: 10.1364/AO.389845Коханенко Г.П., Пеннер И.Э., Шаманаев В.С. Лидарные и in situ измерения оптических параметров поверхностных слоев воды в озере Байкал // Оптика атмосферы и океана. 2011. Т. 24, № 5. С. 377–385. doi: 10.1134/S1024856011050083Kokhanenko G.P., Balin Y.S., Penner I.E., Shamanaev V.S. Lidar and in situ measurements of the optical parameters of water surface layers in Lake Baikal. Atmospheric and Oceanic Optics. 2011, 24, 5, 478–486. doi: 10.1134/S1024856011050083Глухов В.А., Гольдин Ю.А., Глитко О.В. и др. Лидарные исследования в первом этапе 89-го рейса НИС «Академик Мстислав Келдыш» // Фундаментальная и прикладная гидрофизика. 2023. Т. 16, № 4. C. 107–115. doi: 10.59887/2073-6673.2023.16(4)-9Glukhov V.A., Goldin Yu.A., Glitko O.V., et al. Lidar Research during the First Stage of the 89<sup>th</sup> Cruise of the R/V “Academic Mstislav Keldysh”. Fundamental and Applied Hydrophysics. 2023, 16(4), 107–115. doi: 10.59887/2073–6673.2023.16(4)-9Peituo Xu, Dong Liu, Yibing Shen et al. Design and validation of a shipborne multiple-field-of-view lidar for upper ocean remote sensing // Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer. 2020. Vol. 254. P. 107201. doi: 10.1016/j.jqsrt.2020.107201Peituo Xu, Dong Liu, Yibing Shen et al. Design and validation of a shipborne multiple-field-of-view lidar for upper ocean remote sensing // Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer. 2020. Vol. 254. P. 107201. doi: 10.1016/j.jqsrt.2020.107201Hoge F., Wright C., Krabill W. et al. Airborne lidar detection of subsurface oceanic scattering layers // Applied Optics 1988. Vol. 27. P. 3969–3977. doi: 10.1364/AO.27.003969Hoge F., Wright C., Krabill W. et al. Airborne lidar detection of subsurface oceanic scattering layers // Applied Optics 1988. Vol. 27. P. 3969–3977. doi: 10.1364/AO.27.003969Churnside J.H., Donaghay P.L. Thin scattering layers observed by airborne lidar // ICES Journal of Marine Science. 2009. Vol. 66, N 4. P. 778–789. doi: 10.1093/icesjms/fsp029Churnside J.H., Donaghay P.L. Thin scattering layers observed by airborne lidar // ICES Journal of Marine Science. 2009. Vol. 66, N 4. P. 778–789. doi: 10.1093/icesjms/fsp029Vasilkov A.P., Goldin Yu.A., Gureev B.A. et al. Airborne polarized lidar detection of scattering layers in the ocean // Applied Optics. 2001. Vol. 40, N 24. P. 4353–4364. doi: 10.1364/AO.40.004353Vasilkov A.P., Goldin Yu.A., Gureev B.A. et al. Airborne polarized lidar detection of scattering layers in the ocean // Applied Optics. 2001. Vol. 40, N 24. P. 4353–4364. doi: 10.1364/AO.40.004353Chernook V.I., Goldin Yu.A., Vasilyev A.N. et al. Oceanological monitoring of fishing areas using lidars // Proceedings 2014 International Conference Laser Optics,. IEEE Xplore. 2014. P. 137–141. doi: 10.1109/LO.2014.6886388Chernook V.I., Goldin Yu.A., Vasilyev A.N. et al. Oceanological monitoring of fishing areas using lidars // Proceedings 2014 International Conference Laser Optics,. IEEE Xplore. 2014. P. 137–141. doi: 10.1109/LO.2014.6886388Churnside J.H., Wilson J.J., Tatarskii V.V. Airborne lidar for fisheries applications // Optical Engineering. 2001. Vol. 40. P. 406–414. doi: 10.1117/1.1348000Churnside J.H., Wilson J.J., Tatarskii V.V. Airborne lidar for fisheries applications // Optical Engineering. 2001. Vol. 40. P. 406–414. doi: 10.1117/1.1348000Churnside J.H., Brown E.D., Parker-Stetter S. et al. Airborne remote sensing of a biological hot spot in the southeastern Bering Sea // Remote Sensing. 2011. Vol. 3, N 3. P. 621–637. doi: 10.3390/rs3030621Churnside J.H., Brown E.D., Parker-Stetter S. et al. Airborne remote sensing of a biological hot spot in the southeastern Bering Sea // Remote Sensing. 2011. Vol. 3, N 3. P. 621–637. doi: 10.3390/rs3030621Bukin O.A., Major A.Y., Pavlov A.N. et al. Measurement of the lightscattering layers structure and detection of the dynamic processes in the upper ocean layer by shipborne lidar // International Journal of Remote Sensing. 1998. Vol. 19, N 4. P. 707–715. doi: 10.1080/014311698215946Bukin O.A., Major A.Y., Pavlov A.N. et al. Measurement of the lightscattering layers structure and detection of the dynamic processes in the upper ocean layer by shipborne lidar // International Journal of Remote Sensing. 1998. Vol. 19, N 4. P. 707–715. doi: 10.1080/014311698215946Churnside J.H., Marchbanks R.D., Le J.H. et al. Airborne lidar detection and characterization of internal waves in a shallow fjord // Journal of Applied Remote Sensing. 2012. Vol. 6, N 1. P. 063611–063611. doi: 10.1117/1.JRS.6.063611Churnside J.H., Marchbanks R.D., Le J.H. et al. Airborne lidar detection and characterization of internal waves in a shallow fjord // Journal of Applied Remote Sensing. 2012. Vol. 6, N 1. P. 063611–063611. doi: 10.1117/1.JRS.6.063611Churnside J.H., Ostrovsky L.A. Lidar observation of a strongly nonlinear internal wave train in the Gulf of Alaska // International Journal of Remote Sensing. 2005. Vol. 26, N 1. P. 167–177. doi: 10.1080/01431160410001735076Churnside J.H., Ostrovsky L.A. Lidar observation of a strongly nonlinear internal wave train in the Gulf of Alaska // International Journal of Remote Sensing. 2005. Vol. 26, N 1. P. 167–177. doi: 10.1080/01431160410001735076Глухов В.А., Гольдин Ю.А., Родионов М.А. Лидарный метод регистрации внутренних волн в водах с двухслойной стратификацией гидрооптических характеристик // Фундаментальная и прикладная гидрофизика. 2021. Т. 14, № 3. С. 86–97. doi: 10.7868/S2073667321030084Glukhov V.A., Goldin Yu.A., Rodionov M.A. Method of Internal Waves Registration by Lidar Sounding in Case of Waters with Two-Layer Sratification of Hydrooptical Characteristics. Fundamental and Applied Hydrophysics. 2021, 14(3), 86–97. doi: 10.7868/S2073667321030084 (in Russian).Глухов В.А., Гольдин Ю.А., Жегулин Г.В., Родионов М.А. Комплексная обработка данных лидарной съемки морских акваторий // Фундаментальная и прикладная гидрофизика. 2022. Т. 15, № 3. С. 27–42. doi: 10.48612/fpg/26nu-3hte-3n48Glukhov V.A., Goldin Yu.A., Zhegulin G.V., Rodionov M.A. Complex processing of lidar survey data of marine areas. Fundamental and Applied Hydrophysics. 2022, 15(3), 27–42. doi: 10.59887/fpg/26nu-3hte-3n48Kattawar G.W., Plass G.N. Time of Flight Lidar Measurements as an Ocean Probe // Applied Optics. 1972. Vol. 11, N 3. P. 662. doi: 10.1364/ao.11.000662Kattawar G.W., Plass G.N. Time of Flight Lidar Measurements as an Ocean Probe // Applied Optics. 1972. Vol. 11, N 3. P. 662. doi: 10.1364/ao.11.000662Hoge F.E., Swift R.N., Frederick E.B. Water depth measurement using an airborne pulsed neon laser system // Applied Optics 1980. Vol. 19. P. 871–883. doi: 10.1364/AO.19.000871Hoge F.E., Swift R.N., Frederick E.B. Water depth measurement using an airborne pulsed neon laser system // Applied Optics 1980. Vol. 19. P. 871–883. doi: 10.1364/AO.19.000871Браво-Животовский Д.М., Гордеев Л.Б., Долин Л.С., Моченев С.Б. Определение показателей поглощения и рассеяния морской воды по некоторым характеристикам светового поля искусственных источников света // Гидрофизические и гидрооптические исследования в Атлантическом и Тихом океанах. По результатам исследований в 5-м рейсе НИС «Дмитрий Менделеев». Глава 5. С. 153–158 / Под ред. А.С. Монина, К.С. Шифрина. М. Наука, 1974. 328 с.Bravo-Zhivotovsky D.M., Gordeev L.B., Dolin L.S., Mochenev S.B. Determination of absorption and scattering indicators of sea water based on some characteristics of the light field of artificial light sources. Hydrophysical and hydro-optical studies in the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. Based on the results of research on the 5<sup>th</sup> cruse of the R/V Dmitry Mendeleev. Chapter 5. Pp. 153–158 / Ed. by A.S. Monin, K.S. Shifrin. M., Nauka, 1974. 328 p. (in Russian).Gordon H.R. Interpretation of airborne oceanic lidar: effects of multiple scattering // Applied Optics. 1982. Vol. 21, N 16. P. 2996–3001.Gordon H.R. Interpretation of airborne oceanic lidar: effects of multiple scattering // Applied Optics. 1982. Vol. 21, N 16. P. 2996–3001.Squire J.L., Krumboltz H. Profiling pelagic fish schools using airborne optical lasers and other remote sensing techniques // Marine Technology Society Journal. 1981. Vol. 15. P. 27–31.Squire J.L., Krumboltz H. Profiling pelagic fish schools using airborne optical lasers and other remote sensing techniques // Marine Technology Society Journal. 1981. Vol. 15. P. 27–31.Fredriksson K., Galle B., Nystrom K., Svanberg S., Ostrom B. Underwater laser-radar experiments for bathymetry and fish-school detection // Chalmers Univ. of Tech., Götenborg Inst. of Physics Rep. GIPR-162. 1978. 28 p.Fredriksson K., Galle B., Nystrom K., Svanberg S., Ostrom B. Underwater laser-radar experiments for bathymetry and fish-school detection // Chalmers Univ. of Tech., Götenborg Inst. of Physics Rep. GIPR-162. 1978. 28 p.Браво-Животовский Д.М., Долин Л.С., Савельев В.А. и др. Оптические методы диагностики океана. Лазерное дистанционное зондирование // Дистанционные методы изучения океана. Горький: ИПФ АН СССР, 1987. С. 84–125.Bravo-Zhivotovsky D.M., Dolin L.S., Saveliev V.A. et al. Optical methods of ocean diagnostics. Laser remote sensing. Remote methods of ocean exploration. Gorky, IAP of the USSR Academy of Sciences, 1987, 84–125 p. (in Russian).Гольдин Ю.А., Лучинин А.Г. Авиационные лидарные методы исследования вертикальной структуры оптических характеристик верхнего слоя океана // Приповерхностный слой океана: физические процессы и дистанционное зондирование / Под ред. Е.Н. Пелиновского, В.И. Таланова. Нижний Новгород: ИПФ РАН, 1999. С. 345–381.Goldin Yu.A., Luchinin A.G. Airborne lidar methods for studying the vertical structure of optical characteristics of the upper ocean layer. The near-surface layer of the ocean: physical processes and remote sensing / Ed. by E.N. Pelinovsky, V.I. Talanov. Nizhny Novgorod, IAP RAS, 1999, 345–381 p.Churnside J.H. Review of profiling oceanographic lidar // Optical Engineering. 2014. Vol. 53, N 5. P. 051405–051405. doi: 10.1117/1.OE.53.5.051405Churnside J.H. Review of profiling oceanographic lidar // Optical Engineering. 2014. Vol. 53, N 5. P. 051405–051405. doi: 10.1117/1.OE.53.5.051405Churnside J.H., Shaw J.A. Lidar remote sensing of the aquatic environment: invited // Applied Optics. 2020. Vol. 59. P. 92–99. doi: 10.1364/AO.59.000C92Churnside J.H., Shaw J.A. Lidar remote sensing of the aquatic environment: invited // Applied Optics. 2020. Vol. 59. P. 92–99. doi: 10.1364/AO.59.000C92Feigels V.I., Kopilevich Yu.I. Russian airborne lidar systems: comparative analysis and new ideas // Proceedings SPIE 3761, Airborne and In-Water Underwater Imaging, (28 October 1999). doi: 10.1117/12.366475Feigels V.I., Kopilevich Yu.I. Russian airborne lidar systems: comparative analysis and new ideas // Proceedings SPIE 3761, Airborne and In-Water Underwater Imaging, (28 October 1999). doi: 10.1117/12.366475Chen W., Chen P., Zhang H. et al. Review of airborne oceanic lidar remote sensing // Intelligent Marine Technology Systems. 2023. Vol. 1, N 10. doi: 10.1007/s44295-023-00007-yChen W., Chen P., Zhang H. et al. Review of airborne oceanic lidar remote sensing // Intelligent Marine Technology Systems. 2023. Vol. 1, N 10. doi: 10.1007/s44295-023-00007-yLiu X., Zhang L., Zhai X., et al. Polarization Lidar: Principles and Applications // Photonics. 2023. Vol. 10, N1118. doi: 10.3390/photonics10101118Liu X., Zhang L., Zhai X., et al. Polarization Lidar: Principles and Applications // Photonics. 2023. Vol. 10, N1118. doi: 10.3390/photonics10101118Пеннер И.Э., Шаманаев В.С. Опыт совместного зондирования моря судовым и самолетным лидарами // Оптика атмосферы и океана. 1993. Т. 6, № 01. С. 107–111.Penner I.E., Shamanaev V.S. Simultaneous sounding of the sea with shipborne and airborne lidars. Atmospheric and Oceanic Optics. 1993, 6(1), 65–69.Глухов В.А., Гольдин Ю.А., Глитко О.В., Родионов М.А. Авиационный поляризационный лидар для съемки морских акваторий // Труды XXVIII Международного симпозиума «Оптика атмосферы и океана. Физика атмосферы», г. Томск, 04–08 июля 2022 г. Томск: Издательство ИОА СО РАН, 2022. С. 187–190.Glukhov V.A., Goldin Yu.A., Glitko O.V., Rodionov M.A. Airborne polarizing lidar for surveying marine areas. Proceedings of the XXVIII International Symposium “Optics of the atmosphere and ocean. Atmospheric Physics”, Tomsk, July 04–08, 2022. Tomsk, Publishing House of IOA SB RAS, 2022, 187–190 (in Russian).Goldin Y.A., Vasilev A.N., Lisovskiy A.S., Chernook V.I. Results of Barents Sea airborne lidar survey // Current Research on Remote Sensing, Laser Probing, and Imagery in Natural Waters SPIE. 2007. Vol. 6615. P. 126–136. doi: 10.1117/12.740456Goldin Y.A., Vasilev A.N., Lisovskiy A.S., Chernook V.I. Results of Barents Sea airborne lidar survey // Current Research on Remote Sensing, Laser Probing, and Imagery in Natural Waters SPIE. 2007. Vol. 6615. P. 126–136. doi: 10.1117/12.740456Шаманаев В.С. Самолетные лидары ИОА СО РАН для зондирования оптически плотных сред // Оптика атмосферы и океана. 2015. Т. 28, № 03. С. 260–266. doi: 10.1134/S1024856015040120Shamanaev V.S. Airborne lidars of the IAO SB RAS for sensing of optically dense media. Atmospheric and Oceanic Optics. 2015, 28, 359–365. doi: 10.1134/S1024856015040120Chen P., Delu P. Ocean optical profiling in South China Sea using airborne LiDAR // Remote Sensing. 2019. Vol. 11, N 15. P. 1826. URL: https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/11/15/1826Chen P., Delu P. Ocean optical profiling in South China Sea using airborne LiDAR // Remote Sensing. 2019. Vol. 11, N 15. P. 1826. URL: https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/11/15/1826Li K., He Y., Ma J. et al. A dual-wavelength ocean lidar for vertical profiling of oceanic backscatter and attenuation // Remote Sensing. 2020. Vol. 12, N 17. P. 2844. doi: 10.3390/rs12172844Li K., He Y., Ma J. et al. A dual-wavelength ocean lidar for vertical profiling of oceanic backscatter and attenuation // Remote Sensing. 2020. Vol. 12, N 17. P. 2844. doi: 10.3390/rs12172844Глухов В.А., Гольдин Ю.А., Родионов М.А. Экспериментальная оценка возможностей лидара ПЛД-1 по регистрации гидрооптических неоднородностей в толще морской среды // Фундаментальная и прикладная гидрофизика. 2017. Т. 10, № 2. С. 41–48. URL: https://hydrophysics.spbrc.ru/jour/article/view/882Glukhov V.A., Goldin Yu.A., Rodionov M.A. Experimental estimation of the capabilities of the lidar PLD-1 for the registration of various hydro-optical irregularities of the sea water column. Fundamental and Applied Hydrophysics. 2017, 10(2), 41–48 URL: https://hydrophysics.spbrc.ru/jour/article/view/882 (in Russian).Степанов А.Н., Рогов С.А., Карпов С.Н. и др. Судовой лидар для гидрологических исследований // Оптический журнал. 2008. Т. 75, № 2. C. 43–49.Stepanov A.N., Rogov S.A., Karpov S.N. et al. Marine lidar for hydrological research. Optich. Zhurnal. 2008, 75(2), 43–49. (in Russian).Qun L., Xiaoyu C., Weibiao C. et al. A semianalytic Monte Carlo radiative transfer model for polarized oceanic lidar: Experiment-based comparisons and multiple scattering effects analyses // Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer. 2019. Vol. 237. P. 106638. doi: 10.1016/j.jqsrt.2019.106638Qun L., Xiaoyu C., Weibiao C. et al. A semianalytic Monte Carlo radiative transfer model for polarized oceanic lidar: Experiment-based comparisons and multiple scattering effects analyses // Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer. 2019. Vol. 237. P. 106638. doi: 10.1016/j.jqsrt.2019.106638Goldin Y.A., Gureev B.A., Ventskut Y.I. Shipboard polarized lidar for seawater column sounding // Current Research on Remote Sensing, Laser Probing, and Imagery in Natural Waters SPIE. 2007. Vol. 6615. P. 152–159. doi: 10.1117/12.740466Goldin Y.A., Gureev B.A., Ventskut Y.I. Shipboard polarized lidar for seawater column sounding // Current Research on Remote Sensing, Laser Probing, and Imagery in Natural Waters SPIE. 2007. Vol. 6615. P. 152–159. doi: 10.1117/12.740466Gray D.J., Anderson J., Nelson J., Edwards J. Using a multiwavelength LiDAR for improved remote sensing of natural waters // Applied Optics. 2015. Vol. 54, N 31. P. 232–242. doi: 10.1364/AO.54.00F232Gray D.J., Anderson J., Nelson J., Edwards J. Using a multiwavelength LiDAR for improved remote sensing of natural waters // Applied Optics. 2015. Vol. 54, N 31. P. 232–242. doi: 10.1364/AO.54.00F232Kattawar G.W., Xu X. Filling in of Fraunhofer lines in the ocean by Raman scattering // Applied Optics. 1992. Vol. 31. P. 6491–6500. doi: 10.1364/AO.31.006491Kattawar G.W., Xu X. Filling in of Fraunhofer lines in the ocean by Raman scattering // Applied Optics. 1992. Vol. 31. P. 6491–6500. doi: 10.1364/AO.31.006491Ляшенко А.И., Гольдин Ю.А., Володина Е.М., Кукушкин В.А. Трёхволновая лазерная система на АИГ: Nd<sup>3+</sup> для лидарного зондирования морских акваторий // Светотехника. 2022. № 5. С. 71–74. doi: 10.33383/2022–086Goldin Yu.A., Volodina E.M., Kukushkin V.A. Three-wavelength YAG: Nd<sup>3+</sup> laser system for lidar sounding of marine areas. Light & Engineering. 2022, 30(6), 84–89. doi: 10.33383/2022–086Allocca D.M. et al. Ocean water clarity measurement using shipboard lidar systems // 2002. Vol. 4488. P. 106–114. doi: 10.1117/12.452807Allocca D.M. et al. Ocean water clarity measurement using shipboard lidar systems // 2002. Vol. 4488. P. 106–114. doi: 10.1117/12.452807Collister B.L., Zimmerman R.C., Sukenik C.I., Hill V.J., Balch W.M. Remote sensing of optical characteristics and particle distributions of the upper ocean using shipboard lidar // Remote Sensing of Environment. 2018. Vol. 215. P. 85–96. doi: 10.1016/j.rse.2018.05.032Collister B.L., Zimmerman R.C., Sukenik C.I., Hill V.J., Balch W.M. Remote sensing of optical characteristics and particle distributions of the upper ocean using shipboard lidar // Remote Sensing of Environment. 2018. Vol. 215. P. 85–96. doi: 10.1016/j.rse.2018.05.032Churnside J.H. Polarization effects on oceanographic lidar // Optic Express. 2008. Vol. 16. P. 1196–1207. doi: 10.1364/OE.16.001196Churnside J.H. Polarization effects on oceanographic lidar // Optic Express. 2008. Vol. 16. P. 1196–1207. doi: 10.1364/OE.16.001196Krekov G.M., Krekova M.M., Shamanaev V.S. Laser sensing of a subsurface oceanic layer. II. Polarization characteristics of signals // Applied Optics. 1998. Vol. 37. P. 1596–1601. doi: 10.1364/AO.37.001596Krekov G.M., Krekova M.M., Shamanaev V.S. Laser sensing of a subsurface oceanic layer. II. Polarization characteristics of signals // Applied Optics. 1998. Vol. 37. P. 1596–1601. doi: 10.1364/AO.37.001596Becker W. Advanced time-correlated single photon counting techniques // Springer Series in Chemical Physics. 2005. Vol. 81. 349 p.Becker W. Advanced time-correlated single photon counting techniques // Springer Series in Chemical Physics. 2005. Vol. 81. 349 p.Shen X., Kong W., Chen P. et al. A shipborne photon-counting lidar for depth-resolved ocean observation // Remote Sensing. 2022. Vol. 14, N 3351. doi: 10.3390/rs14143351Shen X., Kong W., Chen P. et al. A shipborne photon-counting lidar for depth-resolved ocean observation // Remote Sensing. 2022. Vol. 14, N 3351. doi: 10.3390/rs14143351Долин Л.С., Савельев В.А. О характеристиках сигнала обратного рассеяния при импульсном облучении мутной среды узким направленным световым пучком // Известия АН СССР. Физика атмосферы и океана. 1971. Т. 7, № 5. С. 505–510.Dolin L.S., Savelev V.A. Characteristics of the backscattering signal during pulsed irradiation of a turbid medium by a narrow directed light beam. Izvestiya AS USSR, Atmospheric and ocean physics, 1971, 7, 505–510 (in Russian).Gordon H.R. Can the Lambert — Beer low be applied to the diffuse attenuation coefficient of ocean water? // Limnology and Oceanography. 1989. Vol. 34, N 8. P. 1389–1409.Gordon H.R. Can the Lambert — Beer low be applied to the diffuse attenuation coefficient of ocean water? // Limnology and Oceanography. 1989. Vol. 34, N 8. P. 1389–1409.Шаманаев В.С., Пеннер И.Э., Коханенко Г.П. Авиалидарные исследования морской акватории. Ч. 2. Длинные трассы // Оптика атмосферы и океана. 2002. Т. 15, № 7. С. 608.Shamanaev V.S., Penner I.E., Kokhanenko G.P. Studies of sea areas with airborne lidar. Part 2. Long routes. Atmospheric and Oceanic Optics. 2002, 15, 07, 549–556.Васильков А.П., Кондранин Т.В., Мясников Е.В. Определение профиля показателя рассеяния света по поляризационным характеристикам отраженного назад излучения при импульсном зондировании океана // Известия АН СССР. Физика атмосферы и океана. 1990. Т. 26, № 3. С. 307–312.Vasilkov A.P., Kondranin T.V., Myasnikov E.V. Determination of the light scattering index profile based on the polarization characteristics of back-reflected radiation during pulsed ocean sounding. Izvestiya AS USSR, Atmospheric and Ocean Physics. 1990, 26(3), 307–312 (in Russian).Dolina I.S., Dolin L.S., Levin I.M., Rodionov A.A., Savel’ev V.A. Inverse problems of lidar sensing of the ocean // Current Research on Remote Sensing, Laser Probing, and Imagery in Natural Waters. SPIE. 2007. Vol. 6615. P. 104–113.Dolina I.S., Dolin L.S., Levin I.M., Rodionov A.A., Savel’ev V.A. Inverse problems of lidar sensing of the ocean // Current Research on Remote Sensing, Laser Probing, and Imagery in Natural Waters. SPIE. 2007. Vol. 6615. P. 104–113.Churnside J.H., Marchbanks R.D. Calibration of an airborne oceanographic lidar using ocean backscattering measurements from space // Optic Express. 2019. Vol. 27. P. A536–A542. doi: 10.1364/OE.27.00A536Churnside J.H., Marchbanks R.D. Calibration of an airborne oceanographic lidar using ocean backscattering measurements from space // Optic Express. 2019. Vol. 27. P. A536–A542. doi: 10.1364/OE.27.00A536Shipley S.T. et al. High spectral resolution lidar to measure optical scattering properties of atmospheric aerosols. 1: theory and instrumentation // Applied Optics. 1983. Vol. 22, N 23. P. 3716–3724. doi: 10.1364/AO.22.003716Shipley S.T. et al. High spectral resolution lidar to measure optical scattering properties of atmospheric aerosols. 1: theory and instrumentation // Applied Optics. 1983. Vol. 22, N 23. P. 3716–3724. doi: 10.1364/AO.22.003716Churnside J., Hair J., Hostetler C., Scarino A. Ocean backscatter profiling using high-spectral-resolution lidar and a perturbation retrieval // Remote Sensing. 2018. Vol. 10. P. 2003. doi: 10.3390/rs10122003Churnside J., Hair J., Hostetler C., Scarino A. Ocean backscatter profiling using high-spectral-resolution lidar and a perturbation retrieval // Remote Sensing. 2018. Vol. 10. P. 2003. doi: 10.3390/rs10122003Zhou Y., Chen Y., Zhao H. et al. Shipborne oceanic high-spectral-resolution lidar for accurate estimation of seawater depth-resolved optical properties // Light: Science & Applications. 2022. Vol. 11. P. 261. doi: 10.1038/s41377-022-00951-0Zhou Y., Chen Y., Zhao H. et al. Shipborne oceanic high-spectral-resolution lidar for accurate estimation of seawater depth-resolved optical properties // Light: Science & Applications. 2022. Vol. 11. P. 261. doi: 10.1038/s41377-022-00951-0Schulien J.A., Behrenfeld M.J., Hair J.W. et al. Vertically- resolved phytoplankton carbon and net primary production from a high spectral resolution lidar // Optic Express. 2017. Vol. 25. P. 13577–13587. doi: 10.1364/OE.25.013577Schulien J.A., Behrenfeld M.J., Hair J.W. et al. Vertically- resolved phytoplankton carbon and net primary production from a high spectral resolution lidar // Optic Express. 2017. Vol. 25. P. 13577–13587. doi: 10.1364/OE.25.013577Liu D., Hostetler C., Miller I. et al. System analysis of a tilted field-widened Michelson interferometer for high spectral resolution lidar // Optic Express. 2012. Vol. 20, N 2. P. 1406–1420. doi: 10.1364/OE.20.001406Liu D., Hostetler C., Miller I. et al. System analysis of a tilted field-widened Michelson interferometer for high spectral resolution lidar // Optic Express. 2012. Vol. 20, N 2. P. 1406–1420. doi: 10.1364/OE.20.001406O’Connor C.L., Schlupf J.P. Brillouin scattering in water: the Landau-Placzek ratio // The Journal of Chemical Physics. 1967. Vol. 47, N 1. P. 31–38. doi: 10.1063/1.1711865O’Connor C.L., Schlupf J.P. Brillouin scattering in water: the Landau-Placzek ratio // The Journal of Chemical Physics. 1967. Vol. 47, N 1. P. 31–38. doi: 10.1063/1.1711865Leonard D.A., Sweeney H.E. Remote sensing of ocean physical properties: a comparison of Raman and brillouin techniques // Proceedings SPIE0925, Ocean Optics IX, (12 August 1988). doi: 10.1117/12.945749Leonard D.A., Sweeney H.E. Remote sensing of ocean physical properties: a comparison of Raman and brillouin techniques // Proceedings SPIE0925, Ocean Optics IX, (12 August 1988). doi: 10.1117/12.945749Zhou Y., Liu D., Xu P. et al. Retrieving the seawater volume scattering function at the 180° scattering angle with a high-spectral-resolution lidar // Optic Express. 2017. Vol. 25. P. 11813–11826. doi: 10.1364/OE.25.011813Zhou Y., Liu D., Xu P. et al. Retrieving the seawater volume scattering function at the 180° scattering angle with a high-spectral-resolution lidar // Optic Express. 2017. Vol. 25. P. 11813–11826. doi: 10.1364/OE.25.011813Sullivan J.M., Twardowski M.S. Angular shape of the oceanic particulate volume scattering function in the backward direction // Applied Optics. 2009. Vol. 48. P. 6811–6819. doi: 10.1364/AO.48.006811Sullivan J.M., Twardowski M.S. Angular shape of the oceanic particulate volume scattering function in the backward direction // Applied Optics. 2009. Vol. 48. P. 6811–6819. doi: 10.1364/AO.48.006811Montes-Hugo M.A., et al. Spatial coherence between remotely sensed ocean color data and vertical distribution of lidar backscattering in coastal stratified waters // Remote Sensing of Environment. 2010. Vol. 114, 11. P. 2584–2593. doi: 10.1016/j.rse.2010.05.023Montes-Hugo M.A., et al. Spatial coherence between remotely sensed ocean color data and vertical distribution of lidar backscattering in coastal stratified waters // Remote Sensing of Environment. 2010. Vol. 114, 11. P. 2584–2593. doi: 10.1016/j.rse.2010.05.023Ronald J., Zanaveld R. Remotely sensed reflectance and its dependence on vertical structure: A theoretical derivation // Applied Optics. 1982. Vol. 21. P. 4146–4150. doi: 10.1364/AO.21.004146Ronald J., Zanaveld R. Remotely sensed reflectance and its dependence on vertical structure: A theoretical derivation // Applied Optics. 1982. Vol. 21. P. 4146–4150. doi: 10.1364/AO.21.004146Churnside J.H., Marchbanks R.D., Vagle S. et al. Stratification, plankton layers, and mixing measured by airborne lidar in the Chukchi and Beaufort seas // Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography. 2020. Vol. 177. P. 104742. doi: 10.1016/j.dsr2.2020.104742Churnside J.H., Marchbanks R.D., Vagle S. et al. Stratification, plankton layers, and mixing measured by airborne lidar in the Chukchi and Beaufort seas // Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography. 2020. Vol. 177. P. 104742. doi: 10.1016/j.dsr2.2020.104742Churnside J.H., Marchbanks R.D., Marshall N. Airborne Lidar Observations of a Spring Phytoplankton Bloom in the Western Arctic Ocean // Remote Sensing. 2021. Vol. 13. P. 2512. doi: 10.3390/rs13132512Churnside J.H., Marchbanks R.D., Marshall N. Airborne Lidar Observations of a Spring Phytoplankton Bloom in the Western Arctic Ocean // Remote Sensing. 2021. Vol. 13. P. 2512. doi: 10.3390/rs13132512Churnside J.H., Marchbanks R.D. Subsurface plankton layers in the Arctic Ocean // Geophysical Research Letters. 2015. Vol. 42, N 12. P. 4896–4902. doi: 10.1002/2015GL064503Churnside J.H., Marchbanks R.D. Subsurface plankton layers in the Arctic Ocean // Geophysical Research Letters. 2015. Vol. 42, N 12. P. 4896–4902. doi: 10.1002/2015GL064503Dassow P., Engh G., Iglesias-Rodriguez D., Gittins J.R. Calcification state of coccolithophores can be assessed by light scatter depolarization measurements with flow cytometry // Journal of Plankton Research. 2012. Vol. 34, N 12. P. 1011–1027. doi: 10.1093/plankt/fbs061Dassow P., Engh G., Iglesias-Rodriguez D., Gittins J.R. Calcification state of coccolithophores can be assessed by light scatter depolarization measurements with flow cytometry // Journal of Plankton Research. 2012. Vol. 34, N 12. P. 1011–1027. doi: 10.1093/plankt/fbs061Chen P., Jamet C., Liu D. LiDAR Remote Sensing for Vertical Distribution of Seawater Optical Properties and Chlorophyll-a From the East China Sea to the South China Sea // IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing. 2022. Vol. 60. P. 1–21. doi: 10.1109/TGRS.2022.3174230Chen P., Jamet C., Liu D. LiDAR Remote Sensing for Vertical Distribution of Seawater Optical Properties and Chlorophyll-a From the East China Sea to the South China Sea // IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing. 2022. Vol. 60. P. 1–21. doi: 10.1109/TGRS.2022.3174230Roddewig M.R., Churnside J.H., et al. Airborne lidar detection and mapping of invasive lake trout in Yellowstone Lake // Applied Optics. 2018. Vol. 57, 15. P. 4111–4116. doi: 10.1364/AO.57.004111Roddewig M.R., Churnside J.H., et al. Airborne lidar detection and mapping of invasive lake trout in Yellowstone Lake // Applied Optics. 2018. Vol. 57, 15. P. 4111–4116. doi: 10.1364/AO.57.004111Chen P., Mao Z., Zhang Z. et al. Detecting subsurface phytoplankton layer in Qiandao Lake using shipborne lidar // Optics Express. 2020. Vol. 28, N 1. P. 558–569. doi: 10.1364/OE.381617Chen P., Mao Z., Zhang Z. et al. Detecting subsurface phytoplankton layer in Qiandao Lake using shipborne lidar // Optics Express. 2020. Vol. 28, N 1. P. 558–569. doi: 10.1364/OE.381617Родионов М.А., Долина И.С., Левин И.М. Корреляции между вертикальными распределениями показателя ослабления света и плотности воды в Северных морях // Фундаментальная и прикладная гидрофизика. 2012. Т. 5, № 4. С. 39–46.Rodionov M.A., Dolina I.S., Levin I.M. Correlations between depth distributions of water attenuation coefficient and density in the North Seas. Fundamental and Applied Hydrophysics. 2012, 5(4), 39–46 (in Russian).Walker R.E., Fraser A.B., Mastracci L., Hochheimer B.F. Optical sounding for internal waves on the ocean thermocline // Oceans 82 Conference P. 247–250. Record (Washington, DC: American Geophysical Union). 1982. 20–22 September 1982.Walker R.E., Fraser A.B., Mastracci L., Hochheimer B.F. Optical sounding for internal waves on the ocean thermocline. Oceans 82 Conference Record (Washington, DC: American Geophysical Union). 1982, 247–250, 20–22 September 1982.Долин Л.С., Долина И.С., Савельев В.А. Лидарный метод определения характеристик внутренних волн // Известия РАН. Физика атмосферы и океана. 2012. Т. 48, № 4. С. 501–501.Dolin L.S., Dolina I.S., Savel’ev V.A. A lidar method for determining internal wave characteristics. Izvestiya, Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics. 2012, 48, 4, 444–453.Долин Л.С., Долина И.С. Модель лидарных изображений нелинейных внутренних волн // Известия РАН. Физика атмосферы и океана. 2014. Т. 50, № 2. С. 224–224.Dolin L.S., Dolina I.S. Model of lidar images of nonlinear internal waves. Izvestiya, Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics. 2014, 50, 2, 196–203. doi: 10.7868/S0002351514020023Долина И.С., Долин Л.С. Влияние сдвиговых течений на структуру лидарных изображений нелинейных внутренних волн // Фундаментальная и прикладная гидрофизика. 2014. Т. 7, № 4. С. 49–56.Dolina I.S., Dolin L.S. The effect of shear flow on the structure of lidar images of nonlinear internal waves. Fundamental and Applied Hydrophysics. 2014, 7(4), 49–56 (in Russian).Долина И.С., Долин Л.С. Моделирование лидарных изображений нелинейных внутренних волн в мелком море // Фундаментальная и прикладная гидрофизика. 2017. Т. 10, № 1. С. 31–36.Dolina I.S., Dolin L.S. Simulation of lidar images of nonlinear internal waves in the shallow sea. Fundamental and Applied Hydrophysics. 2017, 10(1), 31–36 (in Russian).Долина И.С., Долин Л.С. Алгоритмы определения спектрально-энергетических характеристик случайного поля внутренних волн по лидарным эхо-сигналам // Фундаментальная и прикладная гидрофизика. 2018. Т. 11, № 3. С. 47–54. doi: 10.7868/S2073667318030061Dolina I.S., Dolin L.S. Algorithms of determination spectral-energy characteristics of the internal wave’s random field by lidar returned signals. Fundamental and Applied Hydrophysics. 2018, 11(3), 47–54. doi: 10.7868/S2073667318030061 (in Russian).Dolin L.S., Dolina I.S. Algorithms for determining the spectral-energy characteristics of a random field of internal waves from fluctuations of lidar echo signals // Applied Optics. 2020. Vol. 59, N 10. P. C78–C86. doi: 10.1364/AO.381675Dolin L.S., Dolina I.S. Algorithms for determining the spectral-energy characteristics of a random field of internal waves from fluctuations of lidar echo signals // Applied Optics. 2020. Vol. 59, N 10. P. C78–C86. doi: 10.1364/AO.381675Химченко Е.Е., Серебряный А.Н. Внутренние волны на Кавказском и Крымском шельфах Черного моря (по летне-осенним наблюдениям 2011–2016 гг.) // Океанологические исследования. 2018. Т. 46, № 2. С. 69–87. doi: 10.29006/1564-2291.JOR-2018.46(2).7Khimchenko E.E., Serebryany A.N. Internal waves on the Caucasian and Crimean shelves of the Black sea (according to summer-autumn observations 2011–2016). Journal of Oceanological Research. 2018, 46(2). doi: 10.29006/1564-2291.JOR-2018.46(2).7Иванов В.А., Шульга Т.Я., Багаев А.В. и др. Внутренние волны на шельфе Черного моря в районе Гераклейского полуострова: моделирование и наблюдение // Морской гидрофизический журнал. 2019. Т. 35, № 4. С. 332–340. doi: 10.22449/0233-7584-2019-4-322-340Ivanov V.A., Shul’ga T. Ya., Bagaev A.V. et al. Internal waves on the Black Sea shelf near the Heracles Peninsula: Modeling and observation. Physical Oceanography. 2019, 26(4), 288–303. doi: 10.22449/1573–160X-2019-4-288-304Churnside J.H., McGillivary P.A. Optical properties of several Pacific fishes // Applied Optics. 1991. Vol. 30, N 21. P. 2925–2927. doi: 10.1364/AO.30.002925Churnside J.H., McGillivary P.A. Optical properties of several Pacific fishes // Applied Optics. 1991. Vol. 30, N 21. P. 2925–2927. doi: 10.1364/AO.30.002925Churnside J.H., Hunter J. Laser remote sensing of epipelagic fishes // Laser Remote Sensing of Natural Waters: From Theory to Practice, Proceedings SPIE. 1996. Vol. 2964. P. 38–53. doi: 10.1117/12.258352Churnside J.H., Hunter J. Laser remote sensing of epipelagic fishes // Laser Remote Sensing of Natural Waters: From Theory to Practice, Proceedings SPIE. 1996. Vol. 2964. P. 38–53. doi: 10.1117/12.258352Gauldie R.W., Sharma S.K., Helsley C.E. LIDAR applications to fisheries monitoring problems // Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. 1996. Vol. 53. P. 1459–1468. doi: 10.1139/cjfas-53–6–1459Gauldie R.W., Sharma S.K., Helsley C.E. LIDAR applications to fisheries monitoring problems // Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. 1996. Vol. 53. P. 1459–1468. doi: 10.1139/cjfas-53–6–1459Krekova M.M., Krekov G.M., Samokhvalov I.V., Shamonaev V.S. Numerical evalution of the possibilities of remote laser sensing of fish schools // Applied Optics. 1994. Vol. 33, N 24. P. 5715–5720. doi: 10.1364/AO.33.005715Krekova M.M., Krekov G.M., Samokhvalov I.V., Shamonaev V.S. Numerical evalution of the possibilities of remote laser sensing of fish schools // Applied Optics. 1994. Vol. 33, N 24. P. 5715–5720. doi: 10.1364/AO.33.005715Шаманаев В.С. обнаружение косяков морских рыб с помощью метода поляризационного лазерного зондирования // Оптика атмосферы и океана. 2018. Т. 31, № 4. С. 268–274. doi: 10.15372/AOO20180404Shamanaev V.S. Detection of schools of marine fish using polarization laser sensing. Atmospheric and Oceanic Optics. 2018, 31, 358–364. doi: 10.1134/S1024856018040103Tenningen E., Churnside J.H., Slotte A., Wilson J.J. Lidar target-strength measurements on Northeast Atlantic mackerel (Scomber scombrus) // ICES Journal of Marine Science. 2006. Vol. 63. P. 677–682. doi: 10.1016/j.icesjms.2005.11.018Tenningen E., Churnside J.H., Slotte A., Wilson J.J. Lidar target-strength measurements on Northeast Atlantic mackerel (Scomber scombrus) // ICES Journal of Marine Science. 2006. Vol. 63. P. 677–682. doi: 10.1016/j.icesjms.2005.11.018Churnside J.H. et al. Comparisons of lidar, acoustic and trawl data on two scales in the Northeast Pacific Ocean // Cal-COFI Rep. 2009. Vol. 50. P. 118–122.Churnside J.H. et al. Comparisons of lidar, acoustic and trawl data on two scales in the Northeast Pacific Ocean // Cal-COFI Rep. 2009. Vol. 50. P. 118–122.Chernook V. et al. Lidar signals identification during aerial surveys of pelagic fishes // International Symposium on Ecosystem Approach with Fisheries Acoustics and Complementary Technologies (SEAFACTS). Bergen, Norway, 16–20 June 2008. Book of Abstracts. P. 45.Chernook V. et al. Lidar signals identification during aerial surveys of pelagic fishes // International Symposium on Ecosystem Approach with Fisheries Acoustics and Complementary Technologies (SEAFACTS). Bergen, Norway, 16–20 June 2008. Book of Abstracts. P. 45.Гольдин Ю.А., Черноок В.И., Алексеев А.М., Васильев А.Н. Авиационные лидары в промыслово-океанологических исследованиях // XII Международная конференция по промысловой океанологии. Тезисы докладов. Изд. АтлантНИРО. Калининград, 2002. С. 66–68.Goldin Yu.A., Chernook V.I., Alekseev A.M., Vasiliev A.N. Airborne lidars in commercial oceanological research. XII International Conference on Commercial Oceanology. Book of abstracts. AtlantNIRO Publishing house. Kaliningrad, 2002, 66–68 (in Russian).Гольдин Ю.А., Черноок В.И., Васильев А.Н., Лисовский А.С., Алексеев А.М. Исследование пространственной изменчивости оптических характеристик морской воды с использованием поляризационного авиационного лидара // Труды 7-й Международной конференции «ГА-2004». С.- Петербург, 2004. C. 212–215. doi: 10.1016/j.icesjms.2005.11.018Goldin Yu.A., Chernook V.I., Vasiliev A.N., Lisovsky A.S., Alekseev A.M. Investigation of spatial variability of optical characteristics of seawater using a polarizing aviation lidar. Proceedings of the 7<sup>th</sup> International Conference “GA-2004”. St. Petersburg, 2004, 212–215. doi: 10.1016/j.icesjms.2005.11.018

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.