hydrophysicsФундаментальная и прикладная гидрофизикаFundamental and Applied Hydrophysics2073-66732782-5221St. Petersburg Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences10.59887/fpg/hg4a-1ht8-db7dhydrophysics-1201Research ArticleГИДРОФИЗИЧЕСКИЕ И БИОГЕОХИМИЧЕСКИЕ ПОЛЯ И ПРОЦЕССЫHYDROPHYSICAL AND BIOGEOCHEMICAL FIELDS AND PROCESSESМоделирование траектории и последствий разлива нефти у южного входа Суэцкого канала, Красное море, ЕгипетSimulation of Oil Spill Trajectory and Fate at the Southern Entrance of the Suez Canal, Red Sea, Egypthttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-3342-6265АбдаллахИ. М.AbdallahI. M.

192007, Санкт-Петербург, Воронежская ул., 79

ABDALLAH Ibrahem Mohamed

Scopus Author ID: 57772795500,

WoS ResearcherID: HNC-5408-2023

192007, Voronezhskaya ul., 79, St. Petersburg

abd_elmoaty@stud.rshu.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-8020-9354ЧанцевВ. Ю.ChantsevV. Y.

192007, Санкт-Петербург, Воронежская ул., 79

CHANTSEV Valery Yurievich

РИНЦ Author ID: 155995

Scopus Author ID: 55781928400, WoS ResearcherID: H-8378-2017

192007, Voronezhskaya ul., 79, St. Petersburg, Russia

val@rshu.ruРоссийский государственный гидрометеорологический университетРоссияRussian State Hydrometeorological UniversityRussian Federation20232304202316163–79Copyright © Абдаллах И.М., Чанцев В.Ю., 20232023Абдаллах И.М., Чанцев В.Ю.Abdallah I.M., Chantsev V.Y.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://hydrophysics.spbrc.ru/jour/article/view/1201

Суэцкий канал страдает от интенсивного морского судоходства, особенно нефтяных танкеров, из-за его стратегического положения между Средиземным и Красным морями. В результате он подвержен случайным разливам нефти, которые могут заблокировать морской путь через канал и нанести серьезный ущерб морской и прибрежной экосистемам. Это исследование направлено на прогнозирование траектории и последствий разливов нефти под влиянием различных ветровых режимов с использованием общей среды оперативного моделирования NOAA (GNOME) и моделей автоматизированного запроса данных для разливов нефти (ADIOS2) для определения потенциально пострадавших регионов. Таким образом, были смоделированы четыре сценария, предполагающие разлив 1000 метрических тонн аравийской легкой сырой нефти в морскую воду примерно в 2-х км от южного входа в Суэцкий канал. Результаты показывают, что направление ветра и морские течения существенно влияют на перемещение разливов нефти. Карты траектории показывают, что северо-западный ветер заставляет разлившуюся нефть двигаться в юго-восточном направлении, угрожая навигационному пути через Суэцкий канал и около 38 км пляжей к югу от канала, где есть несколько жизненно важных проектов, таких как Ayoun Mousse электростанция и много курортов. В случае северных ветров нефть перемещалась на юг в центр залива, что может дать группам реагирования больше времени для ликвидации разлива. Однако в случае северо-восточных ветров нефть дрейфовала на юго-запад и угрожала острову Зеленый и западным берегам залива, где расположено множество туристических поселков. Около четверти нефти испарилось, и более двух третей нефти эмульгировалось во всех четырех сценариях. Это исследование впервые дало представление о прогнозировании разливов нефти и моделировании траектории разлива на южном входе в Суэцкий канал. Кроме того, его можно рассматривать как инструмент прогнозирования для политиков Египта и Управления Суэцкого канала (SCA) для разработки адекватных и практических стратегий по смягчению последствий разливов сырой нефти. 

The Suez Canal suffers from heavy maritime traffic, especially oil tankers, due to its strategic location between the Mediterranean and the Red Sea. As a result, it is prone to accidental oil spills, which might obstruct the maritime lane via the canal and severely harm the marine and coastal ecosystems. This study aims to forecast an oil spill trajectory and fate under the influence of different wind regimes using the General NOAA Operational Modeling Environment (GNOME) and the Automated Data Inquiry for Oil Spills (ADIOS2) models to define the potentially affected regions. Hence, four scenarios were simulated, assuming a spill of one thousand metric tons of Arabian light crude oil into the seawater about two kilometers from the Suez Canal’s southern entrance. The results highlight that wind direction and sea currents substantially affect the movement of oil spills. The trajectory maps show that the north-west wind forces the spilled oil to move toward the southeast direction, threatening the navigation lane through the Suez Canal and about 38 km of beaches south of the canal, which has several vital projects such as the Ayoun Mousse power plant and a lot of resorts. In the case of northern winds, the oil moved south in the center of the Gulf, which may allow response teams more time to clean up the spill. However, in the case of north-east winds, the oil drifted southwesterly and threatened the Green Island and western shores of the Gulf, which has many tourist villages. About a quarter of the oil evaporated, and more than two-thirds of the oil emulsified in all four scenarios. For the first time, this study has provided an understanding of oil spill forecasting and trajectory modeling for the Suez Canal’s southern entrance. Also, it can be considered a prediction tool for Egypt’s policymakers and Suez Canal Authority (SCA) to develop adequate and practical strategies to mitigate crude oil spill consequences.

разлив нефтимоделированиесценарииGNOMEADIOSСуэцкий каналСуэцкий заливOil spillModelingScenariosGNOMEADIOSSuez CanalGulf of SuezIbrahem M. Abdallah is funded by a PhD scholarship from the Arab Republic of Egypt’s Ministry of Higher Education.ReferencesKeramea P., Spanoudaki K., Zodiatis G., Gikas G., Sylaios G. Oil spill modeling: A critical review on current trends, perspectives, and challenges // Journal of Marine Science and Engineering. 2021. Vol. 9. P. 181. doi:10.3390/jmse9020181Keramea P., Spanoudaki K., Zodiatis G., Gikas G., Sylaios G. Oil spill modeling: A critical review on current trends, perspectives, and challenges. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering. 2021, 9, 181. doi:10.3390/jmse9020181ITOPF International Tanker Owners Pollution Federation Limited // Oil Tanker Spill Statistics. 2011. URL: https://www.anave.es/images/anave-noticias/itopf%202011.pdfITOPF International Tanker Owners Pollution Federation Limited. Oil Tanker Spill Statistics. 2011. URL: https://www. anave.es/images/anave-noticias/itopf%202011.pdfCelik M., Topcu Y.I. Use of an ANP to prioritize managerial responsibilities of maritime stakeholders in environmental incidents: An oil spill case // Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment. 2009. Vol. 14. P. 502–506. doi:10.1016/j.trd.2009.05.008Celik M., Topcu Y.I. Use of an ANP to prioritize managerial responsibilities of maritime stakeholders in environmental incidents: An oil spill case. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment. 2009, 14, 502–506. doi:10.1016/j.trd.2009.05.008Cakir E., Sevgili C., Fiskin R. An analysis of severity of oil spill caused by vessel accidents // Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment. 2021. Vol. 90. P. 102662. doi:10.1016/j.trd.2020.102662Cakir E., Sevgili C., Fiskin R. An analysis of severity of oil spill caused by vessel accidents. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment. 2021, 90, 102662. doi:10.1016/j.trd.2020.102662Ye X., Chen B., Li P., Jing L., Zeng G. A simulation-based multi-agent particle swarm optimization approach for supporting dynamic decision making in marine oil spill responses // Ocean & Coastal Management. 2019. Vol. 172. P. 128–136.Ye X., Chen B., Li P., Jing L., Zeng G. A simulation-based multi-agent particle swarm optimization approach for supporting dynamic decision making in marine oil spill responses. Ocean & Coastal Management. 2019, 172, 128–136.ITOPF Oil Tanker Spill Statistics 2021. URL: https://www.itopf.org/knowledge-resources/data-statistics/statistics/ (accessed on 22 April 2022).ITOPF Oil Tanker Spill Statistics 2021. URL: https://www.itopf.org/knowledge-resources/data-statistics/statistics/ (accessed on 22 April 2022).Singkran N. Classifying risk zones by the impacts of oil spills in the coastal waters of Thailand // Marine Pollution Bulletin. 2013. Vol. 70. P. 34–43. doi: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2013.02.004Singkran N. Classifying risk zones by the impacts of oil spills in the coastal waters of Thailand. Marine Pollution Bulletin. 2013, 70, 34–43. doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2013.02.004Marinho C., Nicolodi J.L., Neto J.A. Environmental vulnerability to oil spills in Itapuã State Park, Rio Grande Do Sul, Brazil: An approach using two-dimensional numerical simulation // Environmental Pollution. 2021. Vol. 288. doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117872Marinho C., Nicolodi J.L., Neto J.A. Environmental vulnerability to oil spills in Itapuã State Park, Rio Grande Do Sul, Brazil: An approach using two-dimensional numerical simulation. Environmental Pollution. 2021, 288. doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117872Michel J., Fingas M. World Scientific Series in Current Energy Issues / Fossil Fuels. Chapter 7: Oil Spills: Causes, Consequences, Prevention, and Countermeasures. 2016. P. 159–201. doi:10.1142/9789814699983_0007Michel J., Fingas M. World Scientific Series in Current Energy Issues / Fossil Fuels. Chapter 7: Oil Spills: Causes, Consequences, Prevention, and Countermeasures. 2016, 159–201. doi:10.1142/9789814699983_0007Toz A.C., Koseoglu B. Trajectory prediction of oil spill with Pisces 2 around Bay of Izmir, Turkey // Marine Pollution Bulletin. 2018. Vol. 126. P. 215–227. doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.08.062Toz A.C., Koseoglu B. Trajectory prediction of oil spill with Pisces 2 around Bay of Izmir, Turkey. Marine Pollution Bulletin. 2018, 126, 215–227. doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.08.062Abdallah I.M., Chantsev V.Y. Simulating oil spill movement and behavior: A case study from the Gulf of Suez, Egypt // Modeling Earth Systems and Environment. 2022. Vol. 8. P. 4553–4562. doi:10.1007/s40808-022-01449-9Abdallah I.M., Chantsev V.Y. Simulating oil spill movement and behavior: A case study from the Gulf of Suez, Egypt. Modeling Earth Systems and Environment. 2022, 8, 4553–4562. doi:10.1007/s40808-022-01449-9Lončar G., Beg Paklar G., Janeković I. Numerical modelling of oil spills in the area of Kvarner and Rijeka Bay (The Northern Adriatic Sea) // Journal of Applied Mathematics. 2012. Iss. 2. doi:10.1155/2012/497936Lončar G., Beg Paklar G., Janeković I. Numerical modelling of oil spills in the area of Kvarner and Rijeka Bay (The Northern Adriatic Sea). Journal of Applied Mathematics. 2012, 2. doi:10.1155/2012/497936Fingas M.F. The evaporation of oil spills: Development and implementation of new prediction methodology // 2005 International Oil Spill Conference, IOSC20052005. P. 2659–2669. doi:10.7901/2169-3358-1999-1-281Fingas M.F. The evaporation of oil spills: Development and implementation of new prediction methodology. 2005 International Oil Spill Conference, IOSC2005, 2005, 2659–2669. doi:10.7901/2169-3358-1999-1-281Daling P.S., Strom T. Weathering of oils at sea: Model/Field data comparisons // Spill Science & Technology Bulletin. 1999. Vol. 5. P. 63–74. doi:10.1016/S1353–2561(98)00051–6Daling P.S., Strom T. Weathering of oils at sea: Model/Field data comparisons. Spill Science & Technology Bulletin. 1999, 5, 63–74. doi: 10.1016/S1353–2561(98)00051–6Sebastiao P., Soares C.G. Modeling the fate of oil spills at sea // Spill Science & Technology Bulletin. 1995. Vol. 2. P. 121–131.Sebastiao P., Soares C.G. Modeling the fate of oil spills at sea. Spill Science & Technology Bulletin. 1995, 2, 121–131.Pradhan B., Das M., Pradhan C. Forecasting oil spill movement through trajectory modeling: A case study from Bay of Bengal, India // Modeling Earth Systems and Environment. 2021. Vol. 7. P. 1107–1119. doi:10.1007/s40808-020-00933-4Pradhan B., Das M., Pradhan C. Forecasting oil spill movement through trajectory modeling: A case study from Bay of Bengal, India. Modeling Earth Systems and Environment. 2021, 7, 1107–1119. 10.1007/s40808-020-00933-4Short J.W., Irvine G.V., Mann D.H., Maselko J.M., Pella J.J., Lindeberg M.R., Payne J.R., Driskell W.B., Rice S.D. Slightly weathered Exxon Valdez oil persists in Gulf of Alaska beach sediments after 16 Years // Environmental Science & Technology. 2007. Vol. 41. P. 1245–1250. doi:10.1021/es0620033Short J.W., Irvine G.V., Mann D.H., Maselko J.M., Pella J.J., Lindeberg M.R., Payne J.R., Driskell W.B., Rice S.D. Slightly weathered Exxon Valdez oil persists in Gulf of Alaska beach sediments after 16 Years. Environmental Science & Technology. 2007, 41, 1245–1250. doi:10.1021/es0620033Fathalla E.M. Degradation of crude oil in the environment: Toxicity arising through photochemical oxidation in the Aqueous Phase. Alexandria, 2007. 168 p. URL: https://d-nb.info/987190202/34Fathalla E.M. Degradation of crude oil in the environment: Toxicity arising through photochemical oxidation in the Aqueous Phase. Alexandria, 2007, 168 p. URL: https://d-nb.info/987190202/34Mishra A.K., Kumar G.S. Weathering of oil spill: Modeling and analysis // Aquatic Procedia. 2015. Vol. 4. P. 435–442. doi:10.1016/j.aqpro.2015.02.058Mishra A.K., Kumar G.S. Weathering of oil spill: Modeling and analysis. Aquatic Procedia. 2015, 4, 435–442. doi:10.1016/j.aqpro.2015.02.058Зацепа С.Н., Ивченко А.А., Журавель В.И., Солбаков В.В., Становой В.В. Анализ риска распространения аварийных разливов нефти на примере Обской губы Карского моря // Арктика: экология и экономика. 2014. № 3 (15). С. 30–45.Zatsepa S.N., Ivchenko A.A., Jouravel V.I., Solbakov V.V., Stanovoy V.V. Risk analysis of oil spread: case of the Ob Bay of the Kara Sea. The Arctic: Ecology and Economics. 2014, 3, 15, 30–45 (in Russian).Gurumoorthi K., Suneel V., Rao V.T., Thomas A.P., Alex M.J. Fate of MV Wakashio oil spill off Mauritius coast through modelling and remote sensing observations // Marine Pollution Bulletin. 2021. Vol. 172. 112892. doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112892Gurumoorthi K., Suneel V., Rao V.T., Thomas A.P., Alex M.J. Fate of MV Wakashio oil spill off Mauritius coast through modelling and remote sensing observations. Marine Pollution Bulletin. 2021, 172, 112892. doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112892Fingas M. Chapter 8 — Introduction to spill modelling // Oil Spill Science and Technology, 2nd Edition by Mervin Fingas. Gulf Professional Publishing: Boston, 2017. P. 419–453.Fingas M. Chapter 8 — Introduction to spill modelling. Oil Spill Science and Technology, 2nd Edition by Mervin Fingas. Gulf Professional Publishing, Boston, 2017, 419–453.Zelenke B., O’Connor C., Barker C.H., Beegle-Krause C.J., Eclipse L. General NOAA Operational Modeling Environment (GNOME) Technical Documentation. 2012. URL: https://repository.library.noaa.gov/view/noaa/2621Zelenke B., O’Connor C., Barker C.H., Beegle-Krause C.J., Eclipse L. General NOAA Operational Modeling Environment (GNOME) Technical Documentation. 2012. URL: https://repository.library.noaa.gov/view/noaa/2621Beegle-Krause J. General NOAA oil modeling environment (GNOME): A new spill trajectory model // Proceedings of the International Oil Spill Conference; American Petroleum Institute. 2001. Vol. 2001. P. 865–871. doi:10.7901/2169-3358-2001-2-865Beegle-Krause J. General NOAA oil modeling environment (GNOME): A new spill trajectory model. Proceedings of the International Oil Spill Conference; American Petroleum Institute. 2001, 2001, 865–871. doi:10.7901/2169-3358-2001-2-865Cheng Y., Li X., Xu Q., Garcia-Pineda O., Andersen O.B., Pichel W.G. SAR Observation and Model Tracking of an Oil Spill Event in Coastal Waters // Marine Pollution Bulletin. 2011. Vol. 62. P. 350–363. doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2010.10.005Cheng Y., Li X., Xu Q., Garcia-Pineda O., Andersen O.B., Pichel W.G. SAR Observation and Model Tracking of an Oil Spill Event in Coastal Waters. Marine Pollution Bulletin. 2011, 62, 350–363. doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2010.10.005Balogun A.-L.L., Yekeen S.T., Pradhan B., Yusof K.B.W., Wan Yusof K.B. Oil spill trajectory modelling and environmental vulnerability mapping using GNOME model and GIS // Environmental Pollution. 2021.Vol. 268. 115812. doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115812Balogun A.-L.L., Yekeen S.T., Pradhan B., Yusof K.B.W., Wan Yusof K.B. Oil spill trajectory modelling and environmental vulnerability mapping using GNOME model and GIS. Environmental Pollution. 2021, 268, 115812. doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115812Saçu Ş., Şen O., Erdik T. A stochastic assessment for oil contamination probability: A case study of the Bosphorus // Ocean Engineering. 2021. 231. P. 1–13. doi:10.1016/j.oceaneng.2021.109064Saçu Ş., Şen O., Erdik T. A stochastic assessment for oil contamination probability: A case study of the Bosphorus. Ocean Engineering. 2021, 231, 1–13. doi:10.1016/j.oceaneng.2021.109064Spaulding M.L., Kolluru V.S., Anderson E., Howlett E. Application of three-dimensional oil spill model (WOSM/OILMAP) to Hindcast the Braer spill // Spill Science & Technology Bulletin. 1994. Vol. 1, Iss. 1, P. 23–35. doi:10.1016/1353–2561(94)90005–1Spaulding M.L., Kolluru V.S., Anderson E., Howlett E. Application of three-dimensional oil spill model (WOSM/OILMAP) to Hindcast the Braer spill. Spill Science & Technology Bulletin. 1994, 1, 1, 23–35. doi:10.1016/1353-2561(94)90005-1Berry A., Dabrowski T., Lyons K. The oil spill model OILTRANS and its application to the Celtic Sea // Marine Pollution Bulletin. 2012. Vol. 64, Iss. 11, P. 2489–2501. doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2012.07.036Berry A., Dabrowski T., Lyons K. The oil spill model OILTRANS and its application to the Celtic Sea. Marine Pollution Bulletin. 2012, 64, 11, 2489–2501. doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2012.07.036Röhrs J., Dagestad K.-F., Asbjørnsen H., Nordam T., Skancke J., Jones C.E., Brekke C. The effect of vertical mixing on the horizontal drift of oil spills // Ocean Science. 2018. Vol. 14(6). P. 1581–1601. doi:10.5194/os-14-1581-2018Röhrs J., Dagestad K.-F., Asbjørnsen H., Nordam T., Skancke J., Jones C.E., Brekke C. The effect of vertical mixing on the horizontal drift of oil spills. Ocean Science. 2018, 14(6), 1581–1601. doi:10.5194/os-14–1581–2018Dagestad K.-F., Röhrs J., Breivik Ø., Ådlandsvik B. OpenDrift v1.0: a generic framework for trajectory modelling // Geoscientific Model Development. 2018. Vol. 11. P. 1405–1420. doi:10.5194/gmd-2017–205Dagestad K.-F., Röhrs J., Breivik Ø., Ådlandsvik B. OpenDrift v1.0: a generic framework for trajectory modelling. Geoscientific Model Development. 2018, 11, 1405–1420. doi:10.5194/gmd-2017–205Elizaryev A., Maniakova G., Gabdulkhakov R., Elizareva E., Longobardi A., Nurutdinov A., Khakimov R. Numerical simulation of oil spills based on the GNOME and ADIOS // International Journal of Engineering and Technology (UAE). 2018. Vol. 7. P. 24–27. doi:10.14419/ijet.v7i2.23.11876Elizaryev A., Maniakova G., Gabdulkhakov R., Elizareva E., Longobardi A., Nurutdinov A., Khakimov R. Numerical simulation of oil spills based on the GNOME and ADIOS. International Journal of Engineering and Technology (UAE). 2018, 7, 24–27. doi:10.14419/ijet.v7i2.23.11876Yang Y., Chen Z.L., Li Y., Xiao X., Dan Q., Yang T.H., Ren Z.J. Numerical simulation of oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico based on the GNOME and ADIOS // Applied Mechanics and Materials. 2013. Vol. 295–298. P. 1535–1542. doi:10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.295–298.1535Yang Y., Chen Z.L., Li Y., Xiao X., Dan Q., Yang T.H., Ren Z.J. Numerical simulation of oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico based on the GNOME and ADIOS. Applied Mechanics and Materials. 2013, 295–298, 1535–1542. doi:10.4028/www. scientific.net/amm.295–298.1535Kostianaia E.A., Kostianoy A., Lavrova O.Y., Soloviev D.M. Oil pollution in the Northern Red Sea: A threat to the marine environment and tourism development // Environmental Remote Sensing in Egypt. 2020. P. 329–362. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-39593-3_12Kostianaia E.A., Kostianoy A., Lavrova O.Y., Soloviev D.M. Oil pollution in the Northern Red Sea: A threat to the marine environment and tourism development. Environmental Remote Sensing in Egypt. 2020, 329–362. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-39593-3_12France-Presse A. Record cargo shipped through Egypt’s Suez Canal last year. VOAnews, 2022. URL: https://www.voanews.com/a/record-cargo-shipped-through-egypt-s-suez-canal-last-year-/6378629.htmlFrance-Presse A. Record cargo shipped through Egypt’s Suez Canal last year. VOAnews, 2022. URL: https://www.voanews.com/a/record-cargo-shipped-through-egypt-s-suez-canal-last-year-/6378629.htmlHussein M.S. Assessment of the vulnerability of environmentally sensitive coasts to a large oil spill: The case of the northern part of the Gulf of Suez // Arabian Journal of Geosciences. 2021. Vol. 14, 1899. doi:10.1007/s12517-021-07842-5Hussein M.S. Assessment of the vulnerability of environmentally sensitive coasts to a large oil spill: The case of the northern part of the Gulf of Suez. Arabian Journal of Geosciences. 2021, 14, 1899. doi:10.1007/s12517-021-07842-5Nasr P., Smith E. Simulation of oil spills near environmentally sensitive areas in Egyptian coastal waters // Water and Environment Journal. 2006. Vol. 20, N 1. P. 11–18. doi:10.1111/j.1747–6593.2005.00013.xNasr P., Smith E. Simulation of oil spills near environmentally sensitive areas in Egyptian coastal waters. Water and Environment Journal. 2006, 20, 1, 11–18. doi:10.1111/j.1747–6593.2005.00013.xOmar M.Y., Mostafa A.R., Amin H.A., Darwesh S.M. Oil spill modeling at Sidi Kreir SUMED oil terminal, Alexandria, Egypt // Advanced Intelligent Systems for Sustainable Development. Springer. 2019. P. 331–341. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-36674-2_34Omar M.Y., Mostafa A.R., Amin H.A., Darwesh S.M. Oil spill modeling at Sidi Kreir SUMED oil terminal, Alexandria, Egypt. Advanced Intelligent Systems for Sustainable Development. Springer, 2019, 331–341. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-36674-2_34Periáñez R. A Lagrangian oil spill transport model for the Red Sea // Ocean Engineering. 2020. Vol. 217. P. 107953. doi:10.1016/j.oceaneng.2020.107953Periáñez R. A Lagrangian oil spill transport model for the Red Sea. Ocean Engineering. 2020, 217, 107953. doi:10.1016/j.oceaneng.2020.107953Omar M.Y., Shehadah M.F., Mehanna A.K., Elbatran A.H., Elmesiry M.M. A case study of the Suez Gulf: Modeling of the oil spill behavior in the marine environment // The Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Research. 2021. Vol. 47, Iss. 4. P. 345–356. doi:10.1016/j.ejar.2021.10.005Omar M.Y., Shehadah M.F., Mehanna A.K., Elbatran A.H., Elmesiry M.M. A case study of the Suez Gulf: Modeling of the oil spill behavior in the marine environment. The Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Research. 2021, 47, 4, 345–356. doi:10.1016/j.ejar.2021.10.005Suez Canal Authority About Suez Canal. URL: https://www.suezcanal.gov.eg/English/About/SuezCanal/Pages/NewSuezCanal.aspx (accessed on 22 April 2022).Suez Canal Authority About Suez Canal URL: https://www.suezcanal.gov.eg/English/About/SuezCanal/Pages/NewSuezCanal.aspx (accessed on 22 April 2022).MarineTraffic Global Ship Tracking Intelligence | AIS Marine Traffic. URL: https://www.marinetraffic.com/en/ais/home/centerx:32.1/centery:30.4/zoom:8 (accessed on 15 April 2022).MarineTraffic Global Ship Tracking Intelligence | AIS Marine Traffic. URL: https://www.marinetraffic.com/en/ais/home/centerx:32.1/centery:30.4/zoom:8 (accessed on 15 April 2022).Hamed M., Soliman Y., Soliman A., Khodir A., Hussein F. Physico-chemical characteristics of Suez Bay water during 2006– 2007 // Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Biology and Fisheries. 2010. Vol. 14, N 1. P. 43–57. doi:10.21608/ejabf.2010.2051Hamed M., Soliman Y., Soliman A., Khodir A., Hussein F. Physico-chemical characteristics of Suez Bay water during 2006–2007. Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Biology and Fisheries. 2010, 14, 1, 43–57. doi:10.21608/ejabf.2010.2051General Authority for Red Sea Ports Zytyat Port. URL: http://www.rspa.gov.eg/port-zytyat.html (accessed on 25 April 2022).General Authority for Red Sea Ports Zytyat Port. URL: http://www.rspa.gov.eg/port-zytyat.html (Accessed on 25 April 2022).Lehr W., Jones R., Evans M., Simecek-Beatty D., Overstreet R. Revisions of the ADIOS oil spill model // Environmental Modelling and Software. 2002. Vol. 17, N 2. P. 189–197. doi:10.1016/S1364-8152(01)00064–0Lehr W., Jones R., Evans M., Simecek-Beatty D., Overstreet R. Revisions of the ADIOS oil spill model. Environmental Modelling and Software. 2002, 17, 2, 189–197. doi:10.1016/S1364-8152(01)00064–0Samuels W.B., Amstutz D.E., Bahadur R., Ziemniak C. Development of a global oil spill modeling system // Earth Science Research. 2013. Vol. 2, N 2. P. 52–61. doi:10.5539/esr.v2n2p52Samuels W.B., Amstutz D.E., Bahadur R., Ziemniak C. Development of a global oil spill modeling system. Earth Science Research. 2013, 2, 2, 52–61. doi:10.5539/esr.v2n2p52Duran R., Romeo L., Whiting J., Vielma J., Rose K., Bunn A., Bauer J. Simulation of the 2003 Foss Barge — Point Wells Oil Spill: A comparison between BLOSOM and GNOME oil spill models // Journal of Marine Science and Engineering. 2018. Vol. 6, N 3. P. 104. doi:10.3390/jmse6030104Duran R., Romeo L., Whiting J., Vielma J., Rose K., Bunn A., Bauer J. Simulation of the 2003 Foss Barge — Point Wells Oil Spill: A comparison between BLOSOM and GNOME oil spill models. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering. 2018, 6, 3, 104. doi:10.3390/jmse6030104Farzingohar M., Ibrahim Z.Z., Yasemi M. Oil spill modeling of diesel and gasoline with GNOME around Rajaee Port of Bandar Abbas, Iran // Iranian Journal of Fisheries Sciences. 2011. Vol. 10, N 1. P. 35–46Farzingohar M., Ibrahim Z.Z., Yasemi M. Oil spill modeling of diesel and gasoline with GNOME around Rajaee Port of Bandar Abbas, Iran. Iranian Journal of Fisheries Sciences. 2011, 10, 1, 35–46Johansen O. The Halten Bank experiment-observations and model studies of drift and fate of oil in the marine environment // Proceedings of the 11th Arctic Marine Oil Spill Program (AMOP) Techn. Seminar. Environment Canada,1984. P. 18–36.Johansen O. The Halten Bank experiment-observations and model studies of drift and fate of oil in the marine environment. Proceedings of the 11th Arctic Marine Oil Spill Program (AMOP) Techn. Seminar. Environment Canada,1984, 18–36.Simecekbeatty D., Lehr W.J. Trajectory modeling of marine oil spills // Oil Spill Environmental Forensics. 2007. P. 405–418. doi:10.1016/B978-012369523-9/50017-3Simecekbeatty D., Lehr W.J. Trajectory modeling of marine oil spills. Oil Spill Environmental Forensics. 2007, 405–418. doi:10.1016/B978-012369523-9/50017-3Samaras A.G., De Dominicis M., Archetti R., Lamberti A., Pinardi N. Towards improving the representation of beaching in oil spill models: A case study // Marine Pollution Bulletin. 2014. Vol. 15, 88(1–2). P. 91–101. doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2014.09.019Samaras A.G., De Dominicis M., Archetti R., Lamberti A., Pinardi N. Towards improving the representation of beaching in oil spill models: A case study. Marine Pollution Bulletin. 2014, 15, 88(1–2), 91–101. doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2014.09.019Huynh B.Q., Kwong L.H., Kiang M.V., Chin E.T., Mohareb A.M., Jumaan A.O., Basu S., Geldsetzer P., Karaki F.M., Rehkopf D.H. Public health impacts of an imminent Red Sea oil spill // Nature Sustainability. 2021. Vol. 4. N 12. P. 1084– 1091. doi:10.1038/s41893-021-00774-8Huynh B.Q., Kwong L.H., Kiang M.V., Chin E.T., Mohareb A.M., Jumaan A.O., Basu S., Geldsetzer P., Karaki F.M., Rehkopf D.H. Public health impacts of an imminent Red Sea oil spill. Nature Sustainability. 2021, 4(12), 1084–1091. doi:10.1038/s41893-021-00774-8Prasad S.J., Nair B., Rahaman H., Shenoi S.S.C., Vijayalakshmi T. An assessment on oil spill trajectory prediction: Case study on oil spill off Ennore Port // Journal of Earth System Science. 2018, 127(8):111. doi:10.1007/s12040-018-1015-3Prasad S.J., Nair B., Rahaman H., Shenoi S.S.C., Vijayalakshmi T. An assessment on oil spill trajectory prediction: Case study on oil spill off Ennore Port. Journal of Earth System Science. 2018, 127(8), 111. doi:10.1007/s12040-018-1015-3Marzooq H., Naser H.A., Elkanzi E.M. Quantifying exposure levels of coastal facilities to oil spills in Bahrain, Arabian Gulf // Environmental Monitoring and Assessment. 2019. Vol. 191, N 160. doi:10.1007/s10661-019-7287-5Marzooq H., Naser H.A., Elkanzi E.M. Quantifying exposure levels of coastal facilities to oil spills in Bahrain, Arabian Gulf. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment. 2019, 191, 160. doi:10.1007/s10661-019-7287-5Toz A.C. Modelling oil spill around Bay of Samsun, Turkey, with the use of OILMAP and ADIOS software systems // Polish Maritime Research. 2017. Vol. 24. N 3. doi:10.1515/pomr-2017–0096Toz A.C. Modelling oil spill around Bay of Samsun, Turkey, with the use of OILMAP and ADIOS software systems. Polish Maritime Research. 2017, 24(3). doi:10.1515/pomr-2017–0096EMA (Egyptian Meteorological Authority). Climatic Atlas of Egypt. Egyptian Meteorological Authority, Ministry of Transport and Communications, Arab Republic of Egypt. 1996. 157 p.EMA (Egyptian Meteorological Authority). Climatic Atlas of Egypt. Egyptian Meteorological Authority, Ministry of Transport and Communications, Arab Republic of Egypt. 1996. 157 p.Wessel P., Smith W.H.F. A Global, Selfconsistent, Hierarchical, High-resolution Shoreline Database // Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth. 1996. Vol. 101, N B4. P. 8741–8743. doi:10.1029/96JB00104Wessel P., Smith W.H.F. A Global, Self-consistent, Hierarchical, High-resolution Shoreline Database. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth. 1996, 101, B4, 8741–8743. doi:10.1029/96JB00104Khedr A.I., Soliman Y.A., El-Sherbeny E.F., Hamed M.A., Ahmed M.A., Goher M.E. Water quality assessment of the northern part of Suez Gulf (Red Sea, Egypt), using principal component analysis // Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Biology and Fisheries. 2019. 23(4). P. 527–538. doi:10.21608/ejabf.2019.58410Khedr A.I., Soliman Y.A., El-Sherbeny E.F., Hamed M.A., Ahmed M.A., Goher M.E. Water quality assessment of the northern part of Suez Gulf (Red Sea, Egypt), using principal component analysis. Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Biology and Fisheries. 2019, 23(4), 527–538. doi:10.21608/ejabf.2019.58410Le Hénaff M., Kourafalou V.H., Paris C.B., Helgers J., Aman Z.M., Hogan P.J., Srinivasan A. Surface evolution of the deepwater horizon oil spill patch: Combined effects of circulation and wind-induced drift // Environmental Science and Technology. 2012. Vol. 46, N 13. P. 7267–7273. doi:10.1021/es301570wLe Hénaff M., Kourafalou V.H., Paris C.B., Helgers J., Aman Z.M., Hogan P.J., Srinivasan A. Surface evolution of the deepwater horizon oil spill patch: Combined effects of circulation and wind-induced drift. Environmental Science and Technology. 2012, 46, 13, 7267–7273. doi:10.1021/es301570wReed M., Turner C., Odulo A. The role of wind and emulsification in modelling oil spill and surface drifter trajectories // Spill Science & Technology Bulletin. 1994. Vol. 1, N 2. P. 143–157. doi:10.1016/1353–2561(94)90022–1Reed M., Turner C., Odulo A. The role of wind and emulsification in modelling oil spill and surface drifter trajectories. Spill Science & Technology Bulletin. 1994, 1, 2, 143–157. doi:10.1016/1353-2561(94)90022-1Kim T.-H., Yang C.-S., Oh J.-H., Ouchi K. Analysis of the contribution of wind drift factor to oil slick movement under strong tidal condition: Hebei spirit oil spill case // PloS One. 2014. Vol. 9, N 1: e87393. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0087393Kim T.-H., Yang C.-S., Oh J.-H., Ouchi K. Analysis of the contribution of wind drift factor to oil slick movement under strong tidal condition: Hebei spirit oil spill case. PloS One. 2014, 9, 1, e87393. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0087393Lee K.-H., Kim T.-G., Cho Y.-H. Influence of tidal current, wind, and wave in Hebei Spirit oil spill modeling // Journal of Marine Science and Engineering. 2020. Vol. 8, N2. P. 69. doi:10.3390/jmse8020069Lee K.-H., Kim T.-G., Cho Y.-H. Influence of tidal current, wind, and wave in Hebei Spirit oil spill modelling. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering. 2020, 8, 2, 69. doi:10.3390/jmse8020069Frihy O.E., El Ganaini M.A., El Sayed W.R., Iskander M.M. The role of fringing coral reef in beach protection of Hurghada, Gulf of Suez, Red Sea of Egypt // Ecological Engineering. 2004. Vol. 22, N 1. P. 17–25. doi:10.1016/j.ecoleng.2003.11.004Frihy O.E., El Ganaini M.A., El Sayed W.R., Iskander M.M. The role of fringing coral reef in beach protection of Hurghada, Gulf of Suez, Red Sea of Egypt. Ecological Engineering. 2004, 22, 1, 17–25. doi:10.1016/j.ecoleng.2003.11.004Abdallah A. Monitoring environmental changes in El-Ain El-Sokhna area, Gulf of Suez, Egypt // Proceedings of the Nine conference for geographical and GIS Department, Faculty of Arts, Alexandria University. 2007. Vol. 1. doi:10.13140/RG.2.1.4125.1365Abdallah A. Monitoring environmental changes in El-Ain El-Sokhna area, Gulf of Suez, Egypt. Proceedings of the Nine conference for geographical and GIS Department, Faculty of Arts, Alexandria University. 2007, 1. doi:10.13140/RG.2.1.4125.1365Озмидов Р.В. Диффузия примесей в океане. Ленинград: Гидрометеоиздат, 1986. 278 с.Ozmidov R.V. Diffusion of contaminants in the ocean. Leningrad, Gidrometeoizdat, 1986. 278 p. (in Russian).Okubo A. Oceanic diffusion diagrams // Proceedings of the Deep-Sea Research and Oceanographic Abstracts; Elsevier, 1971; Vol. 18. P. 789–802. doi:10.1016/0011–7471(71)90046–5Okubo A. Oceanic diffusion diagrams. Proceedings of the Deep-Sea Research and Oceanographic Abstracts. Elsevier, 1971, 18, 789–802. doi:10.1016/0011–7471(71)90046–5Matsuzaki Y., Fujita I. Horizontal turbulent diffusion at sea surface for oil transport simulation // Coastal Engineering Proceedings. 2014. N 34. P. 8. doi:10.9753/icce.v34.management.8Matsuzaki Y., Fujita I. Horizontal turbulent diffusion at sea surface for oil transport simulation. Coastal Engineering Proceedings. 2014, 34, 8. doi:10.9753/icce.v34.management.8Bozkurtoğlu Ş.N.E. Modeling oil spill trajectory in Bosphorus for contingency planning // Marine Pollution Bulletin. 2017. Vol. 123, Iss.1–2. P. 57–72. doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.09.029Bozkurtoğlu Ş.N.E. Modeling oil spill trajectory in Bosphorus for contingency planning. Marine Pollution Bulletin. 2017, 123, 1–2, 57–72. doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.09.029Зацепа С.Н., Ивченко А.А., Солбаков В.В. SPILLMOD — модель гидродинамического типа для информационной поддержки реагирования на разливы нефти в море // Океанологические исследования. 2022. Т. 50, № 2. C. 72–105. doi:10.29006/1564–2291.JOR-2022.50(2).4Zatsepa S.N., Ivchenko A.A., Solbakov V.V. Spillmod — a CFD model for information support of marine oil spill response. Journal of Oceanological Research. 2022, 50, 72–105. doi:10.29006/1564–2291.JOR-2022.50(2).4 (in Russian).

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.