<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">hydrophysics</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Фундаментальная и прикладная гидрофизика</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Fundamental and Applied Hydrophysics</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2073-6673</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2782-5221</issn><publisher><publisher-name>St. Petersburg Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">hydrophysics-1132</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ГИДРОФИЗИЧЕСКИЕ И БИОГЕОХИМИЧЕСКИЕ ПОЛЯ И ПРОЦЕССЫ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>HYDROPHYSICAL AND BIOGEOCHEMICAL FIELDS AND PROCESSES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Статистика экстремального волнения в юго-западной части Балтийского моря</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Statistics of Extreme Wave Conditions in the South-Western Baltic Sea</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Соомере</surname><given-names>Т.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Soomere</surname><given-names>T.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Таллин</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Куркина</surname><given-names>О.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kurkina</surname><given-names>O.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Нижний Новгород</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">Oksana.Kurkina@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff xml:lang="ru" id="aff-1"><institution>Институт кибернетики при Таллинском технологическом университете</institution><country>Estonia</country></aff><aff xml:lang="ru" id="aff-2"><institution>Институт кибернетики при Таллинском технологическом университете; НИУ «Высшая школа экономики»; ФГБОУ ВПО «Нижегородский государственный технический университет им. Р.Е. Алексеева»</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2011</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>29</day><month>11</month><year>2022</year></pub-date><volume>4</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>43</fpage><lpage>57</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Соомере Т., Куркина О., 2022</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2022</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Соомере Т., Куркина О.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Soomere T., Kurkina O.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://hydrophysics.spbrc.ru/jour/article/view/1132">https://hydrophysics.spbrc.ru/jour/article/view/1132</self-uri><abstract><p>Свойства экстремальных штормов в районе порога Дарс юго-западной части Балтийского моря проанализированы на основе записей волномерного буя за 20 лет (1991–2010) и результатов численных экспериментов. Долгосрочная средняя значительная высота волн HS составляет ~0.7 м, а характерные периоды – 2–4 с. Наибольшая измеренная HS составила 4.46 м. Наибольшее расхождение (разница до 2 с) установлено между характерными измеренными и модельными периодами волн. Временная динамика годовых наивысших волн имеет пилообразный характер с увеличением в 1958–1990 гг., начиная с 1993 г., и резким снижением в 1991–1992 гг. Измеренные среднегодовые и максимальные высоты волн незначительно изменялись в 1991–2010 гг., но порог в 1 % наиболее высоких волн существенно снизился.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The properties of extreme wave storms in the Darss Sill area, SW Baltic Sea, are analysed based on waverider data for 1991–2010 and long-term numerical simulations. The long-term significant wave height is HS ~0.7 m and the most frequent wave periods 2–4 s. The largest measured HS is 4.46 m. The typical measured and modelled wave periods differ by up to 2 s. The annual maximum HS has notched behaviour, with an increase for 1958–1990 and since 1993, and a drastic decrease in 1991–1992. The measured annual average and maximum HS have changed insignificantly in 1991–2010 but the threshold for the top 1% of waves has considerably decreased.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>ветровое волнение</kwd><kwd>экстремальные волны</kwd><kwd>математическое моделирование</kwd><kwd>функции распределения</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>wind waves</kwd><kwd>freak waves</kwd><kwd>mathematical modeling</kwd><kwd>probability distribution function</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Авторы выражают благодарность за предоставленные данные: Ральфу Веиссе (Institute for Coastal Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht) – результаты моделирования 1957–2002, Хеинцу Гюнтхеру, Ингеборг Нёрен (Institute for Coastal Research) – экспериментальные данные и Андрусу Ряямету (Institute of Cybernetics, Tallinn University of Technology) – результаты расчетов волнения. Работа поддержана целевым финансированием Министерства образования и науки Эстонии (грант SF0140007s11), Научным фондом Эстонии (грант № 7413), BONUS+ проект BalticWay и Российским фондом фундаментальных исследований (гранты № 10-05-00199-а, 09-05-00204, 11-0200483).</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Лопатухин Л.И., Бухановский А.В., Иванов С.В., Чернышева Е.С. Справочные данные по режиму ветра и волнения Балтийского, Северного, Черного, Азовского и Средиземного морей // Российский морской регистр судоходства. СПб., 2006. 450 c.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Лопатухин Л.И., Бухановский А.В., Иванов С.В., Чернышева Е.С. Справочные данные по режиму ветра и волнения Балтийского, Северного, Черного, Азовского и Средиземного морей // Российский морской регистр судоходства. СПб., 2006. 450 c.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Soomere T. Extremes and decadal variations of the northern Baltic Sea wave conditions // Extreme Ocean Waves. Pelinovsky E., Kharif Ch. (eds.). Springer. 2008. P.139–157.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Soomere T. Extremes and decadal variations of the northern Baltic Sea wave conditions // Extreme Ocean Waves. Pelinovsky E., Kharif Ch. (eds.). Springer. 2008. P.139–157.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kharif C., Pelinovsky E. Physical mechanisms of the rogue wave phenomenon // Eur. J. Mech. B Fluids. 2003. 22. P.603–634.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kharif C., Pelinovsky E. Physical mechanisms of the rogue wave phenomenon // Eur. J. Mech. B Fluids. 2003. 22. P.603–634.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Peterson P., Soomere T., Engelbrecht J., van Groesen E. Interaction soliton as a possible model for extreme waves in shallow water // Nonlin. Proc. Geophys. 2003. V.10. P.503–510.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Peterson P., Soomere T., Engelbrecht J., van Groesen E. Interaction soliton as a possible model for extreme waves in shallow water // Nonlin. Proc. Geophys. 2003. V.10. P.503–510.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Didenkulova I. Shapes of freak waves in the coastal zone of the Baltic Sea (Tallinn Bay) // Boreal Env.Res. 2011. V.16 (Suppl. A). P.138–148.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Didenkulova I. Shapes of freak waves in the coastal zone of the Baltic Sea (Tallinn Bay) // Boreal Env.Res. 2011. V.16 (Suppl. A). P.138–148.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Walker D.A.G., Taylor P.H., Taylor R.E. The shape of large surface waves on the open sea and the Draupner New Year wave // Appl. Ocean Res. 2004. V.26. P.73–83.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Walker D.A.G., Taylor P.H., Taylor R.E. The shape of large surface waves on the open sea and the Draupner New Year wave // Appl. Ocean Res. 2004. V.26. P.73–83.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lavrenov I.V., Porubov A.V. Three reasons for freak wave generation in the non-uniform current // Eur. J. Mech. B Fluids 2006 V.25. P.574–585.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lavrenov I.V., Porubov A.V. Three reasons for freak wave generation in the non-uniform current // Eur. J. Mech. B Fluids 2006 V.25. P.574–585.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Soomere T. Rogue waves in shallow water // Eur. Phys. J. Special Topics 2010. V.185. C.81–96.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Soomere T. Rogue waves in shallow water // Eur. Phys. J. Special Topics 2010. V.185. C.81–96.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Soomere T., Engelbrecht J. Weakly two-dimensional interaction of solitons in shallow water // Eur. J. Mech. B Fluids 2006. V.25. P.636–648.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Soomere T., Engelbrecht J. Weakly two-dimensional interaction of solitons in shallow water // Eur. J. Mech. B Fluids 2006. V.25. P.636–648.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ryabchuk D., Kolesov A., Chubarenko B., Spiridonov M., Kurennoy D., Soomere T. Coastal erosion processes in the eastern Gulf of Finland and their links with long-term geological and hydrometeorological factors // Boreal Env. Res. 2011. V.16. (Suppl.A.) P.117–137.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ryabchuk D., Kolesov A., Chubarenko B., Spiridonov M., Kurennoy D., Soomere T. Coastal erosion processes in the eastern Gulf of Finland and their links with long-term geological and hydrometeorological factors // Boreal Env. Res. 2011. V.16. (Suppl.A.) P.117–137.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Soomere T., Behrens A., Tuomi L., Nielsen J.W. Wave conditions in the Baltic Proper and in the Gulf of Finland during windstorm Gudrun // Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci. 2008. V.8. P.37–46.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Soomere T., Behrens A., Tuomi L., Nielsen J.W. Wave conditions in the Baltic Proper and in the Gulf of Finland during windstorm Gudrun // Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci. 2008. V.8. P.37–46.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ryabchuk D., Leont’yev I., Sergeev A., Nesterova E., Sukhacheva L., Zhamoida V. The morphology of sand spits and the genesis of long-shore sand waves on the coast of the eastern Gulf of Finland // Baltica. 2011. V.24. C.13–24.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ryabchuk D., Leont’yev I., Sergeev A., Nesterova E., Sukhacheva L., Zhamoida V. The morphology of sand spits and the genesis of long-shore sand waves on the coast of the eastern Gulf of Finland // Baltica. 2011. V.24. C.13–24.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Атлас волнения и ветра Финского залива / Отв. ред. Г.В.Ржеплинский Л.: Гидрометеоиздат, 1967. 48 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Атлас волнения и ветра Финского залива / Отв. ред. Г.В.Ржеплинский Л.: Гидрометеоиздат, 1967. 48 с.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Лопатухин Л.И., Миронов М.Е., Померанец К.С., ТрапезниковЮ.А., Чернышева Е.С. Оценки экстремального ветра и волнения в восточной части Финского залива // Изв. ВНИИГ. 2006. 245. C.145–155.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Лопатухин Л.И., Миронов М.Е., Померанец К.С., ТрапезниковЮ.А., Чернышева Е.С. Оценки экстремального ветра и волнения в восточной части Финского залива // Изв. ВНИИГ. 2006. 245. C.145–155.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Räämet A., Soomere T. The wave climate and its seasonal variability in the northeastern Baltic Proper // Estonian J. Earth Sci. 2010. V.59. P.100–113.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Räämet A., Soomere T. The wave climate and its seasonal variability in the northeastern Baltic Proper // Estonian J. Earth Sci. 2010. V.59. P.100–113.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Соомере Т., Зайцева-Пярнасте И., Ряямет А., Куренной Д. O пространственно-временной изменчивости полей волнения Финского залива // Фундаментальная и прикладная гидрофизикa. 2010. V.4(10). C.90–101.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Соомере Т., Зайцева-Пярнасте И., Ряямет А., Куренной Д. O пространственно-временной изменчивости полей волнения Финского залива // Фундаментальная и прикладная гидрофизикa. 2010. V.4(10). C.90–101.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Soomere T., Weisse R., Behrens, A. Wave climatology in the Arkona basin, the Baltic Sea // Ocean Sci. Discus. 2011. 8 (6). Р.2237–2270.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Soomere T., Weisse R., Behrens, A. Wave climatology in the Arkona basin, the Baltic Sea // Ocean Sci. Discus. 2011. 8 (6). Р.2237–2270.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Weisse R., Günther H. Wave climate and long-term changes for the Southern North Sea obtained from a highresolution hindcast 1958–2002 // Ocean Dyn. 2007. V.57. P.161–172.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Weisse R., Günther H. Wave climate and long-term changes for the Southern North Sea obtained from a highresolution hindcast 1958–2002 // Ocean Dyn. 2007. V.57. P.161–172.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Weisse R., von Storch H., Callies U. et al. Regional meteorological marine reanalyses and climate change projections: results for Northern Europe and potential for coastal and offshore applications // Bull. Am. Meteor. Soc. 2009. V.90. P.849–860.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Weisse R., von Storch H., Callies U. et al. Regional meteorological marine reanalyses and climate change projections: results for Northern Europe and potential for coastal and offshore applications // Bull. Am. Meteor. Soc. 2009. V.90. P.849–860.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Komen G.J., Cavaleri L., Donelan M., Hasselmann K., Hasselmann S. Janssen P.A.E.M. Dynamics and modelling of ocean waves. Cambridge Univ. Press, 1994. 339 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Komen G.J., Cavaleri L., Donelan M., Hasselmann K., Hasselmann S. Janssen P.A.E.M. Dynamics and modelling of ocean waves. Cambridge Univ. Press, 1994. 339 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Augustin, J. Das Seegangsklima der Ostsee zwischen 1958–2002 auf Grundlage numerischer Daten (Sea state climate of the Baltic Sea 1958–2002 based on numerical data) // Diploma Thesis. Institute for Coastal Research, GKSS Research Center Geesthacht, Geesthacht, Germany [in German]. 2005.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Augustin, J. Das Seegangsklima der Ostsee zwischen 1958–2002 auf Grundlage numerischer Daten (Sea state climate of the Baltic Sea 1958–2002 based on numerical data) // Diploma Thesis. Institute for Coastal Research, GKSS Research Center Geesthacht, Geesthacht, Germany [in German]. 2005.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Feser F., Weisse R., von Storch H. Multi-decadal atmospheric modeling for Europe yields multi-purpose data // Eos Transactions. 2001. V.82. P.305–310.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Feser F., Weisse R., von Storch H. Multi-decadal atmospheric modeling for Europe yields multi-purpose data // Eos Transactions. 2001. V.82. P.305–310.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kalnay E., Kanamitsu M., Kistler R. et al. The NCEP/NCAR reanalysis project // Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 1996. V.77. P.437–471.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kalnay E., Kanamitsu M., Kistler R. et al. The NCEP/NCAR reanalysis project // Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 1996. V.77. P.437–471.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kistler R., Kalnay E., Collins W. et al. The NCEP/NCAR 50-year reanalysis: monthly means CD-ROM and documentation // Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 2001. V.82. P.247–267.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kistler R., Kalnay E., Collins W. et al. The NCEP/NCAR 50-year reanalysis: monthly means CD-ROM and documentation // Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 2001. V.82. P.247–267.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Soomere T. Wind wave statistics in Tallinn Bay // Boreal Env. Res. 2005. V.10. P.103–118.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Soomere T. Wind wave statistics in Tallinn Bay // Boreal Env. Res. 2005. V.10. P.103–118.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Soomere T., Keevallik S. Directional and extreme wind properties in the Gulf of Finland // Proc. Estonian Acad. Sci. Eng. 2003. V.9. P.73–90.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Soomere T., Keevallik S. Directional and extreme wind properties in the Gulf of Finland // Proc. Estonian Acad. Sci. Eng. 2003. V.9. P.73–90.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Soomere T., Räämet A. Spatial patterns of the wave climate in the Baltic Proper and the Gulf of Finland // Oceanologia 2011. V.53(1-TI). P.335–371.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Soomere T., Räämet A. Spatial patterns of the wave climate in the Baltic Proper and the Gulf of Finland // Oceanologia 2011. V.53(1-TI). P.335–371.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zaitseva-Pärnaste I., Soomere T., Tribštok O. Spatial variations in the wave climate change in the eastern part of the Baltic Sea // J. Coast. Res. 2011. Special Issue 64. P.195–199.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zaitseva-Pärnaste I., Soomere T., Tribštok O. Spatial variations in the wave climate change in the eastern part of the Baltic Sea // J. Coast. Res. 2011. Special Issue 64. P.195–199.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jaagus J. Long-term changes in frequencies of wind directions on the western coast of Estonia. Institute of Ecology, Tallinn University. Publications. 2009. [in Estonian]. V.11. P.11–24.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jaagus J. Long-term changes in frequencies of wind directions on the western coast of Estonia. Institute of Ecology, Tallinn University. Publications. 2009. [in Estonian]. V.11. P.11–24.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lehmann A., Getzlaff K., Harlass J. Detailed assessment of climate variability in the Baltic Sea area for the period 1958 to 2009 // Clim. Res. 2011. V.46. P.185–196.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lehmann A., Getzlaff K., Harlass J. Detailed assessment of climate variability in the Baltic Sea area for the period 1958 to 2009 // Clim. Res. 2011. V.46. P.185–196.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
